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1、TheArtOfWar-----------------------------------------------------------------I.LAYINGPLANS[Ts`aoKung,indefiningthemeaningoftheChineseforthetitleofthischapter,saysitreferstothedeliberationsinthetempleselectedbythegeneralforhistemporaryuse,orasweshouldsay,inh
2、istent.See.ss.26.]1.SunTzusaid:TheartofwarisofvitalimportancetotheState.2.Itisamatteroflifeanddeath,aroadeithertosafetyortoruin.Henceitisasubjectofinquirywhichcanonnoaccountbeneglected.3.Theartofwar,then,isgovernedbyfiveconstantfactors,tobetakenintoaccount
3、inone'sdeliberations,whenseekingtodeterminetheconditionsobtaininginthefield.4.Theseare:(1)TheMoralLaw;(2)Heaven;(3)Earth;(4)TheCommander;(5)Methodanddiscipline.[ItappearsfromwhatfollowsthatSunTzumeansby"MoralLaw"aprincipleofharmony,notunliketheTaoofLaoTzui
4、nitsmoralaspect.Onemightbetemptedtorenderitby"morale,"wereitnotconsideredasanattributeoftherulerinss.13.]5,6.TheMORALLAWcausesthepeopletobeincompleteaccordwiththeirruler,sothattheywillfollowhimregardlessoftheirlives,undismayedbyanydanger.[TuYuquotesWangTzu
5、assaying:"Withoutconstantpractice,theofficerswillbenervousandundecidedwhenmusteringforbattle;withoutconstantpractice,thegeneralwillbewaveringandirresolutewhenthecrisisisathand."]7.HEAVENsignifiesnightandday,coldandheat,timesandseasons.[Thecommentators,Ithi
6、nk,makeanunnecessarymysteryoftwowordshere.MengShihrefersto"thehardandthesoft,waxingandwaning"ofHeaven.WangHsi,however,mayberightinsayingthatwhatismeantis"thegeneraleconomyofHeaven,"includingthefiveelements,thefourseasons,windandclouds,andotherphenomena.]8.
7、EARTHcomprisesdistances,greatandsmall;dangerandsecurity;opengroundandnarrowpasses;thechancesoflifeanddeath.9.TheCOMMANDERstandsforthevirtuesofwisdom,sincerely,benevolence,courageandstrictness.[ThefivecardinalvirtuesoftheChineseare(1)humanityorbenevolence;(
8、2)uprightnessofmind;(3)self-respect,self-control,or"properfeeling;"(4)wisdom;(5)sincerityorgoodfaith.Here"wisdom"and"sincerity"areputbefore"humanityorbenevolence,"andthetwomilitaryvirtuesof"courage"and"strict
