vertical integration and outsourcing web

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1、bri75829_ch19.qxd9/5/0810:16AMPage599VerticalIntegrationandOutsourcingCHAPTER19CHAPTEROUTLINEVerticalChainofProductionBenefitsofBuyinginCompetitiveMarketsReasonsforNonmarketTransactionsContractingCostsMarketPowerTaxesandRegulationOtherConsiderationsVerticalIntegratio

2、nversusLong-TermContractsIncompleteContractingOwnershipandInvestmentIncentivesSpecificAssetsandVerticalIntegrationAssetOwnershipOtherReasonsContinuumofChoiceContractLengthContractingwithDistributorsFree-RiderProblemsDoubleMarkupsRegulatoryIssuesRecentTrendsinOutsourc

3、ingSummaryAppendix:OwnershipRightsandInvestmentIncentivesbri75829_ch19.qxd9/5/0810:16AMPage600600Part4ApplicationsofOrganizationalArchitecturen1989,EastmanKodaksolditsmainframecomputerstoIBMandcontractedwithIBMtodomuchofKodak’sdataprocessingforthenext10years.1Undert

4、hecon-ItractwithKodak,IBMwasresponsibleforoperatingKodak’sdatacenter.IBMpro-videdtheoperatingsoftwareandhardwareandwasresponsibleforbackupsandfileprotection.Kodakretaineditsownstafffordevelopingapplicationssoftwareandwasresponsibleformostdataentry.Forexample,Kodakpro

5、videdIBMwiththebasicdataforrunningitssales-forecastingmodelsandhaddevelopedmuchofthespecificsoftwareforthisapplication.IBMwasresponsibleforrunningKodak’sprogramsonitsoperat-ingsystem.Thisoutsourcingofcomputerserviceswasnewsworthyspecificallybecausenocom-panyofKodak’ss

6、izeorprominencehadturnedoveritscomputerstooutsidersbefore.Otherlargecompaniesbeganconsideringsimilarmoves.In1990,U.S.businessesspent$7.2billiononoutsourcedcomputeroperations.AccordingtoStandard&Poor’s,world-wideoutsourcingofalltypesexceeded$170billionin2003.In1998,I

7、BMdevelopedandmanagedaprocurementsystemforUnitedTech-nologies(UT)—makersofPratt&Whitneyaircraftengines,Carrieraircondition-ers,andOtiselevators.UTexpectedtosave$750millionofpurchasingcostswithin2years.IBMassumedresponsibilityofsomeofUT’spurchasingoperationsandcre-at

8、edaprocurementsystem(onlinepurchasingandpayments)involvingnegotiatingandhandlingcontractswithsuppliers.IBMprocuredgoodsandservicesfromoffi