molecular markers

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1、BLBS114-fmBLBS114-HenryTrim:244mm×172mmSeptember18,201210:40MolecularMarkersinPlantsBLBS114-c01BLBS114-HenryTrim:244mm×172mmAugust31,20121:26EvolutionofDNAMarker1TechnologyinPlantsRobertJ.HenryContentsIntroduction4EarlyMarkerTechnologies4EvolvingRangeofApplicationso

2、fDNAMarkersinPlants12Applications13FutureDevelopments15References15MolecularMarkersinPlants,FirstEdition.EditedbyRobertJ.Henry.C2013JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.Published2013byJohnWiley&Sons,Inc.3BLBS114-c01BLBS114-HenryTrim:244mm×172mmAugust31,20121:264MolecularMarkersinPla

3、ntsIntroductionGeneticmarkersarekeytoolsforplantidentificationandplantimprove-ment(Henry,2001).GeneticmarkertechnologyhasevolvedrapidlywithearlymethodsbasedonphenotypingorisozymesbeingreplacedbyDNA-basedmethodsofincreasingsophistication.Earlymarkerswerefewinnumberand

4、difficulttoassay.Theultimatedevelopmentofthetechnologywillprovidesimplemethodstoassessallgeneticvariationinthegenome.Thischapterprovidesabriefaccountofthedevelopmentofgeneticmarkertechnologyanditsapplicationtoplantsoverthelast30years.Thisperspec-tiveisprovidedasbackg

5、roundandcontextfortheaccountsofthelatesttechnologies(Henryetal.,2012)tofollowinsubsequentchapters.Molecularmarkertechnologyhasevolvedthoughseveralphases.Earlymethodsemployingnon-DNA-basedmethodswerereplacedbyDNA-basedmethodsasthetechnologiesforDNAanalysisimproved.Ea

6、rlyhybridization-basedmethodsweredisplacedrapidlyfollowingthedevel-opmentofpolymerasechainreaction(PCR).PCR-basedmethodsgreatlyincreasedthefeasibilityofhigh-throughputmarkerscreening.EarlyPCR-basedmethodsrelieduponarbitraryprimersbecauseofalackofse-quenceinformation

7、formanyspecies.Theseinturnwereovertakenbythewidespreadadoptionofmorerobustmicrosatelliteorsimplesequencere-peat(SSR)markers.Singlenucleotidepolymorphisms(SNPs)havemorerecentlyreplacedSSRmarkersaslargervolumesofsequencedatabe-cameavailable(Henry,2008).Second-generati

8、onsequencingtechnologieshavegreatlyacceleratedthemovetosequence-basedmarkers.Ongo-ingimprovementsinDNAsequencingpromiseacontinuedconvergen