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1、...14...YINYANGCONFUCIANISM:TUNGCHUNG-SHUONTHESURFACE,TungChung-shu(c.179-c.104B.C.)seemstobeofonlyminorphilosophicalinterest,buthistoricallyheisoftheutmostimportance.HewaschieflyinstrumentalinmakingConfucianismthestatedoctrinein136B.C.Thissupremacyexcludedotherscholl,andlasteduntil1905.But
2、acloserexaminationofhisphilosophyrevealsomeextremelysignificantdevelopments.IntheYinYangSchool,theuniverseisconceivedofasawell-coordinatedsysteminwhicheverythingisrelatedtoeverythingelse.IntheBookofChangesthisorderisconceivedofasaprocessoftransformation.InTungChung-shu,however,bothideastook
3、astepforward:theuniverseistreatedasanorganicwhole.Inhisbelief,notonlyarethingsrelatedgenerally,buttheyaresoinexactdetail;andnotonlydothingschange,buttheyacti-vateeachother.Thetheorythatthingsofthesamekindenergizeoneanotherpresupposesanorganicstructureandapre-establishedharmony.Thecorrespond
4、enceofmanandNatureisnowreducedtonumbers.Naturecanalwaysinfluencemanthroughportentsbecausethesamematerialforcesofyinandyanggovernbothofthem.Infact,toTungmanistheuniverseinminiature:manisthemicrocosm,Naturethemacrocosm.Sincethingsarealwaysactivatingoneanother,theuniverseisnotstaticbutdynamic.
5、Thisideaisunderscoredbytheconceptoftheorigin(yüan),aconceptnotmuchdifferentfromthatofChange.ButastheGreatUltimateinthesystemofChangeisconfinedtothemeta-physicalrealm,Tung'sconceptoftheoriginfindsitsrichestmeaninginhistoryandhumanaffairs.Tohim,originmeansfoundation,andnothingcanbecorrectunle
6、ssitsfoundationiscorrect.Thisiswhy,accordingtohim,theSpringandAutumnAnnalsrecordseventsbegin-ningwiththefirstoftheyear.Accordingtotradition,ConfuciuswrotetheClassictorecordtheaffairsofhisnativestateofLufrom722to481B.C.,whicheventuallycametobeknownasthePeriodofSpringandAutumn.Confuciusdidrec
7、ordtheeventsinsuchawayastosuggestcertainjudgmentuponthem.ButTungregardedthebookaslawsforfuturedynasties.Inhiseyes,namesusedinthebookareincidentsoftherectificationofnamesfromwhichmoralandpoliticalcorrectnesscanbediscerned.Moreover,thebookistheembodimentof
