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1、chenyangliCONFUCIANISMANDFEMINISTCONCERNS:OVERCOMINGTHECONFUCIAN“GENDERCOMPLEX”1AtrecentconferencesonConfucianism,questionswereoftenraisedaboutConfucianattitudestowardwomen,usuallybyfemalescholars.Answersgivenontheseoccasionshavetypicallybeenunsatisfactory.Theissueisacomplexone.Ontheonehand,Confucia
2、nismhasaninfa-mouspastofoppressingwomen,whichtoday’sConfucianscannotfeelproudof.Ontheotherhand,itdoesnotappearthatcontemporaryCon-fucianscholarsaremakingheadwayindealingwiththisproblem.2Obvi-ously,ifConfucianismistoremainaworldphilosophyandreligion,ithastodealwiththisproblem.Wecannotexpectaphilosoph
3、yandreli-giontohaveafutureifitisprejudicialagainsthalfofthehumanrace.GiventhelargeextenttowhichConfucianismisbeingdiscussedtoday,itissurprisinghowlittleefforthasbeenputintosuchanimpor-tantissue.EarlycontemporaryConfucians,suchasXiongShili,MouZongsan,andLiangShuming,simplydidnotdealwiththissubject.In
4、thedawnofthetwenty-firstcentury,mostcontemporaryConfucianscholarsaresupportiveofequalrightsforwomen,butthereislittlephilosophicalscholarshiponthissubject.Thissituationmaybepartlycausedbyakindofhistoricalguilt;itmaybeduetoanunwillingnessorinabilitytodealwithadifficultissue;itmaybetheconsequenceofinsens
5、itivityorshortsightedness.SomeConfucianscholarstodaymaystillfeelit“unmanly”toengageindiscussionoffeministconcerns.IcallthisapparentpsychologicalimpassetheConfucian“gendercomplex.”ThisimpasseisextremelydetrimentaltothecauseofConfucianism,whichisgoingthroughtheprocessoftransformingitselfandmovingintoa
6、newmillennium.Confucianismmustovercomethisgendercom-plextoflourishinthefuture.WecantackletheissueofConfucianismandfeministconcernsbyaskingthreequestions.First,hasConfucianismoppressedwomen?Second,ifyes,howmuchhasConfucianismoppressedwomen?Andthird,whatcanbedoneaboutit?Thisarticleattemptstoanswerthese
7、questions.JournalofChinesePhilosophy27:2(June2000)187–199©2000JournalofChinesePhilosophy188chenyangliIInthisarticletheterm“Confucianism”isusedtomeanthephilosophic-religioustraditionthatoriginatedinCon
