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1、ComputMathOrganTheory(2009)15:7894DOI10.1007/s10588-008-9052-0TowardstheevolutionofsocialstructureBruceEdmonds·EmmaNorling·DavidHalesPublishedonline:3December2008©SpringerScience+BusinessMedia,LLC2008AbstractTowhatextentcansocialstructureresultfromevolutionaryprocessesaspopposedtobeingdeliberatelyo
2、rganised?Tobegintoanswerthisquestionsfivedif-ferentbutreleatedsocialsimulationsarereviewed,andamapofwhichmechanismsmightresultsinwhatstructuresunderwhatconditionsbeingstarted.Theseshowthatdifferentstructurescanbebroughtaboutbyevolutionaryprocessesbasedontheabil-itiesandpropensitiesoftheindividuals.T
3、hearticleendswithsomechallengestoconstructacrediblesimulationsofmoresophisticatedstructures:socialgroupselec-tionandself-organisedvaluechains.KeywordsSimulation·Evolution·Socialstructure·Embeddedness·Tags·Groups·Cooperation·Symbiosis·Groupselection1MotivationTowhatextentcansocialstructureresultfrom
4、evolutionaryprocesses,asopposedtodeliberatelyorganisedbyacollectionofintelligentindividuals?Thatis,couldsocialorganisations(whichareusefullyidentifiableasanentityintheirownright)resultB.Edmonds()·E.NorlingCentreforPolicyModelling,ManchesterMetropolitanUniversity,AytounBuilding,AytounStreet,Manchest
5、erM13GH,UKe-mail:bruce@edmonds.nameE.Norlinge-mail:norling@acm.orgD.HalesDept.ofComputerScience,TheUniversityofBologna,MuraAnteoZamboni7,40127Bologna,Italye-mail:dave@davidhales.comTowardstheevolutionofsocialstructure79fromamechanismwhichonlyreliesontheprocessesofrandomvariationandselec-tivereprodu
6、ction.Or,ontheotherhand,isitnecessaryfortheindividualstohaveacquired(throughevolutionordesign)sufficientcognitiveabilitiestodeliberatelyorganisethemselvesintosuchentities(usingplanning,reasoning,deliberateexperi-ment,anticipatorylearningorthelike).Thequestionisimportant,fortheanswer(w.r.t.anyparticu
7、larsystem)makesadif-ference.Forexample,intheformer(evolutionary)casetheabilitiesoftheindividualscanco-evolvewiththesocialstructuresthattheycan(unthinkingly)sustainsothatsomeoftheirfeatures(e.g.apropensityto
