evolution of indirect reciprocity by social information the role o trust and reputation in evolution of altruism

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1、ARTICLEINPRESSJournalofTheoreticalBiology223(2003)523–531Evolutionofindirectreciprocitybysocialinformation:theroleoftrustandreputationinevolutionofaltruismMojdehMohtashemi*,LikMuiLaboratoryforComputerScience,MIT,200TechnologySquare,Room419,Cambridge,MA02139,USAReceived26August2002;receiv

2、edinrevisedform27February2003;accepted25March2003AbstractThecomplexityofhuman’scooperativebehaviorcannotbefullyexplainedbytheoriesofkinselectionandgroupselection.Ifreciprocalaltruismistoprovideanexplanationforaltruisticbehavior,itwouldhavetodepartfromdirectreciprocity,whichrequiresdyadso

3、findividualstointeractrepeatedly.Forindirectreciprocitytorationalizecooperationamonggeneticallyunrelatedorevenculturallydissimilarindividuals,informationaboutthereputationofindividualsmustbeassessedandpropagatedinapopulation.Here,weproposeanewframeworkfortheevolutionofindirectreciprocity

4、bysocialinformation:informationselectivelyretrievedfromandpropagatedthroughdynamicallyevolvingnetworksoffriendsandacquaintances.Weshowthatforindirectreciprocitytobeevolutionarilystable,thedifferentialprobabilityoftrustingandhelpingareputableindividualoveradisreputableindividual,atapointi

5、ntime,mustexceedthecost-to-benefitratioofthealtruisticact.Inotherwords,thebenefitreceivedbythetrustworthymustout-weighthecostofhelpingtheuntrustworthy.r2003ElsevierScienceLtd.Allrightsreserved.Keywords:Reciprocity;Socialinformation;Trust;Reputation;Collectivememory;Growth;Order1.Introducti

6、onauthorshavesinceattemptedtoformalizethemechan-ismsbywhichindirectreciprocitycanevolve.BoydandThroughoutsocialhistory,humanshaveexhibitedRicherson(1989)developedamathematicalmodeloflarge-scalecooperativebehaviortowardindividualsor‘circularreciprocity’wherethedonorofagooddeedisgroups,wit

7、hwhomtheyareneitheracquaintednortoberewardedbythelastindividualinaringofnsharegenetic,phenotypic,orculturaltraits.Suchreciprocatingindividuals.Theirresultssuggestedthatbehaviorisdifficulttoaccountforbytheoriesofindirectreciprocityisunlikelytobeimportantunlesskinselection(H