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1、12InVivoSamplingwithSolid-PhaseMicroextractionabFlorinMarcelMusteataandDajanaVuckovicaDepartmentofPharmaceuticalSciences,AlbanyCollegeofPharmacyandHealthSciences,Albany,NY,USAbDonnellyCentreforCellularandBiomolecularResearch,UniversityofToronto,Toronto,Ontar
2、io,Canada12.1IntroductionGenerally,invivoresearchismoresuitedtoobserveanoveralleffectthaninvitroresearch,whichisbettersuitedtodeducemechanismsofaction.Invivoresearchhastheadvantagethattheexperimentalsystemisamorecomplexbiologicalsystemandgivesabetterindicati
3、onofwhatwillhappenintherealworld.Usually,invitrosamplesdonotcorrespondtothecombinationofcompoundsproducedbyanundisturbedliveorganism.Forexample,ithasbeenshownthatthecompositionofthevolatileextractscollectedfromdetachedordamagedplantscandiffersignificantlyfro
4、mthemixtureemittedby1thelive,undamagedspecimen.Reliableandaccurateanalyticalmethodsareindispens-ableforinvivoresearch.Ontheotherhand,thedevelopmentoftechniquesappropriateforinvivoanalysisposessignificantdifficultiesduetothelowandunceasinglychangingconcentrat
5、ionsoftargetanalytesincomplexbiologicalsamples.Anidealinvivosamplingtechniqueshouldbeportable,solvent-freeandofferintegrationofthesampling,samplepreparationandanalysis.Simplifiedproceduresandareductioninsamplingerrorsareimportantadvantagesforperformingasmany
6、chemicalanalysisstepsaspossibleatthesitewhereasampleorsubjectislocated.Currenttechniquesthatareapplicableforinvivoanalysisincludemicrodialysis,ultrafiltration,solid-phasemicroextraction(SPME),sensorsandarraysofsensors,2microfluidicsandnanotechnology.Microdia
7、lysisisapowerfulsamplingtechniquebasedonsemipermeablemembranesimplantedintothetissueofinterestandper-fusedatalowflowrate.Althoughithasfoundnumerousandvariousinvivo36applications,microdialysishasmanysignificantproblems,ofwhichthemostimportantarethelossofperf
8、usionfluid,complicatedcalibrationandthedifficulty7,8toobtainreliablequantitativedata.Ultrafiltrationisafiltrateselectionmethodthatavoidscomplicatedandtime-consumingrecoverycalculationsnecessaryw
