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1、7PersonalDesertsandHuman RightsJamesW. NickelPersonalmoraldesertcanmakeitpermissible,appropriate,andevenobligatoryforbenefits,burdens,andpenaltiestobegiventoorimposedonpeopleonthebasisofthemoralqualityoftheirindividualbehaviorand/orcharacter.Could(ordo)personalmora
2、ldesertsplayaroleinthejustificationandshapingofhumanrights?Andifso,whatformcould(ordoes)thatroletake?Humanrightstheorists(includingme)havegenerallyassumedthatinordertogiveanadequateaccountofthevaluesandnormsunderlyinghumanrightsitisnotnecessarytomentiondesert.Thisc
3、hapterchallengesthatassumption.Itiseasytoconstructnightmarescenariospurportingtoshowthattakingdesertsseriouslyintherealmofhumanrightswouldbedestructive.Inthesescenariossomepeoplehavetheirrightssuspendedorpermanentlyforfeitedforbadbehavior,theundeservinghavetheirrig
4、htstrimmedandthevirtuoushavetheirrightsenlarged,andtheuniversalityandegalitariancharacterofhumanrightsaregreatlydiminished.1Itwouldbegoodtoknowifpersonaldesertsareorshouldbeoperativeintherealmofhumanrights,andifso,whetheranythinglikethesescenarioswouldfollow.Andift
5、heseconsequencesdonotfollow,itwouldbegoodtohavesomeideaofwhatkeepsthisfromhappening.Isitthatdesertisnotaverypowerfulnorm?Isitthatotherval-uesandnormsfullyorpartiallyblockconsiderationsofdesertfromplayingastrongrole?Orisitthatdesertistoohardtoadministerfairlyandcons
6、istently?Thischapterisastart,butonlyastart,atansweringthesequestions.JamesGriffinincludedabriefdiscussionofdesertsandhumanrightsinhisrecentbook,OnHumanRights.2Asatheoristwhoproposestobaseallmoralhumanrightsonautonomyor“normativeagency,”Griffindeniesthatconsideratio
7、nsofdesertcon-tributetothejustificationorshapingofhumanrights.Heallows,however,thatdesertmayplayarolefromtheoutsidewhenrightsarebeingapplied.Discussingthecaseofapersonneedinganorgantransplantwhoseneedstemsfromhisownbadbehavior,Griffinallowsthat“faultmusthaveweighta
8、tleastasatie-breaker.”Hecontinues: “IfI amclearlyundeservingandyouthoroughlydeserving,butweareregardedbythehospitalashavingequalclaimonthenext[or
