8. can moral desert qualify or justify human rights 9. a social ontology of human rights

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1、8CanMoralDesertQualifyorJustifyHumanRights?ZofiaStemplowskaI.IntroductionApersonismorallydeservingofsometreatmentwhenthisisthemorallyfittingresponsetoherdesertbasis.1Thethoughthereisthatsucha‘fitting’responseisintrin-sicallyvaluableanditisimpersonallyvaluable—ie,itisvaluableeve

2、nifitdoesnotbenefitanyone.2Thusaworldinwhicheveryoneistreatedastheydeservewouldbeinonerespectbetterthanaworldinwhichthesamepeoplewereallbetteroffunde-servedly.Theideaofmoraldesertrequiresthatonlythefeaturesthatcanformthebasisformoralappraisalqualifyasdesertbases.Typicalcandidat

3、es,allembracedbyNickel(thisvolume,Chapter7),includeaperson’sactions,attitudes,andcharacter.Forexample,wemaythinkthatawrongdoerwhocommitsacrimedeservestobeimprisonedwhileanhonestlawyerdeservestoberewardedforherwork.3Canpersonalmoraldesert,asNickelargues,qualifythescopeof(some)hu

4、manrightsandplayaroleinjustifying(some)humanrights?Thatis,canthetreatmentthatapersondeservesamounttothewithdrawalofahumanrightorconferringofrewardasamatterofhumanright?Arightisqualifiedwhentherearerestrictionsbasedonpersonalfeaturesregardingwhocanholdit.AsNickelputsit,‘[q]ualif

5、icationsusepersonalcharacteristicstomakeauniversalrightavailabletoonlypartofthehumanpopulation’(159).SoifdesertaffectswhoisentitledtoagivenhumanrightX,then1IamgratefulforcommentstoMatthewClayton,BenJackson,S. MatthewLiao,andAndreaSangiovanniaswellastotheparticipantsoftheWarwick

6、–Oxfordjointseminaronhumanrights,May2013.2Morewouldneedtobesaidtodistinguishresponsesthatareappropriateintermsofdesertfromthosethatareappropriateintermsof,say,fairness,butI hopeanintuitiveunderstandingoftheformerwillsufficetohighlightmydisagreementwithNickel.3Unlessotherwisesta

7、ted,subsequentin-textreferencesrefertoNickel,thisvolume,chapter7.Nickel(thisvolume,ch.7)adds‘harmfulwrongssuffered’(154)asadesertbasis.Laterinthetext,heoffersanexample:‘IfBernardtakesHilda’ssavingsintohisfraudulent“investmentfund”...Hildadeservesrepayment’(161).ButclearlyHildai

8、sentitledtorepaymentsimplybecausethemoneywashers;sheis