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1、14Patternsinthedata:towardsasemantictypologyofspatialdescriptionStephenC.LevinsonandDavidP.WilkinsThechaptersinthisbookpresentakaleidoscopicimpressionoftherangeofvariationinthelinguistictreatmentofthespatialdomain.Eachchapterpresentsawealthoflinguisticdetail–whatmakestheoverallexe
2、rcisespecialisthat,becauseeachdescriptionusesthesameelicitationdevices,wecanrelativelyeasilysetupfairlyprecisesemanticcomparisonsinanunusualway.Naturally,thereadermaynotimmediatelybeabletoseethewoodforthetrees,andmanydetailedquestionsnaturallyarise.Forexample,onelanguage,likeTiriy
3、´o,hasawealthofspatialadpositions,another,likeTzeltalhasonlyone(andthatnotrestrictedtospace).Incontrast,Tiriy´ohasonlyonelocativeverbavailableforitsbasiclocativeconstruction,whileTzeltalhasanextraordinaryrichnessinspatialpredicatesavailableforitsbasiclocativeconstruction.Isthereas
4、ystematicpay-offhere?Inaddition,generalquestionsalsocometothefore:behindthisvariableexpression,canwediscernuniversalsemanticparametersthatmightbeattributedtogeneralpropertiesofhumancognition?Inthisfinalchapter,wehavetwogoals.First,andforemost,wewilltrytodrawthelessonslearnedfromthe
5、carefulcomparativestudyreflectedinthesechapters–whatarethemainpatternsthatinductivelyemerge?Second,wewillattempttodrawouttheimplicationsofthisemergingtypologyofvariationforthedisciplinesthathaveanimportantstakeinthenatureofhumanspatialcognition.14.1Universalsandparticulars:variatio
6、nanditslimitsinsemantictypologyAswereviewthelanguagessurveyed,anddrawoutthegeneralpatterns,oneimpressionthatwillremainistheextraordinarydiversityinboththeunderlyingconceptualizationsofspatialdistinctionsandthemannerinwhichtheyarecodedinspecificlanguages.Directgeneralizationsarenott
7、obefoundonasuperficiallevel.Rather,whatwewillfindisthatthecross-linguisticpatternscanonlybeextractedonthebasisofin-depthstudyofareasonablesampleoflanguages.Thesepatternsaresometimesquiteabstract–theymay,forexample,taketheformofanunderlyinghierarchy,whichmaydeterminesplitsinthe512Tow
8、ardsasemantictypologyofspatialdes
