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1、1OntheFoundationsofHuman RightsJohnTasioulasI.FoundationsWithoutFoundationalismThenatureofhumanrights,thesubjectwearetalkingaboutwhenweinvokethisgloballyresonantcategoryofpracticalstandards,isadistinctmatterfromtheirfoun-dationsorgrounds.Ontheformerquestionthereisdisagreementastoth
2、emeritsoftheorthodoxview,accordingtowhichhumanrightsaremoralrightspossessedbyallhumanbeingssimplyinvirtueoftheirhumanity.1Evenforthosewithorthodoxsym-pathies,however,thequestionofgroundsremainstobefaced: whataretheconditionsthatmakeitthecasethatanythingisarightofthiskind,andarethey
3、eversatisfied?2Atmost,orthodoxyaboutthenatureofhumanrightsiscommittedtothethesisthatthesatisfactionoftherelevantconditionsisamatterfornaturalreasonandhenceunderwritestheobjectivetruthorcorrectnessofpositivehumanrightsclaims.Butthenatureofthoseconditionsisnotoriouslythesubjectofdeep
4、andpersistentdisa-greement.Somephilosophersechocontemporaryhumanrightsinstrumentsbypre-sentinghumandignityasthefoundation,othersappealtoascheduleofbasichumanneedsoruniversalinterests,yetotherstothevalueofpersonhoodorsomecombina-tionofthesefactors.Andofcoursetherearestillthosewhoins
5、ist,againstallseculardoctrinesofthekindjustlisted,thatacompellinggroundingofhumanrightsisines-capablytheisticincharacter.Idistinguishthecontentionthathumanrightshavefoundations,aversionofwhichI defendinthischapter,fromcertainfoundationalistdeformationsitislia-bletoundergo.Foundatio
6、nalism,whichelaborateserroneouslyonthebareortho-doxthesisthathumanrightshaveobjectivegrounds,comesinbothmeta-ethicalandnormativeversions.Meta-ethicalfoundationalistsofferdefectiveaccountsofwhatobjectivityis,howitissecured,orthenatureofitsimplications.Oneexam-pleisthenaturalistthesi
7、sthattheobjectivegroundingofhumanrightsconsistsintheirbeinglogicallyderivableexclusivelyfromanarrayofvalue-neutralfactsabouthumannatureorametaphysicalhumanessence.Anotheristhehistoricist1Foradefenceoforthodoxy,seeJ.Tasioulas,‘OntheNatureofHumanRights’,inThePhilosophyofHumanRights:
8、ContemporaryControversies,
