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1、WhyDoesQuarkMatter'Matter'?Thehistoryofmoderntechnologicaldevelopmentcanbeviewedasaseriesofinvestigations,witheverincreasingresolution,intothemicroscopicstructureofmatter.SincethedaysoftheearlyGreekphilosophers,sciencehasbeenonacontinualquesttofindthesmallestpiece—them
2、ostfundamentalbuildingblock—formingthesubstanceoftheuniverse.Duringthatjourney,manybeautifulandexoticpropertiesofthesubatomicworldhavebeendiscovered:particleswithwave-likepropertiestheultimatepositionofwhichcanneverbeknown;“particles”oflightthatdeliverafixedamountofene
3、rgywhentheystriketheatomsofamaterial’ssurface;particlesinsometypesofelectricalconductorsthatpairinauniquewaybecauseofintrinsic“spin”sothat,belowacertaintemperature,allresistancegoestozero.Knowledgeoftheseandmanyotherpropertiesdiscoveredinthelastcenturyintheprocessofstu
4、dyingmatterateversmallerscalesletsususematterandenergyinwaystoofantastictoimaginejust50yearsago.Today'stechnologyreliesonabasicunderstandingofthestructureandpropertiesofmatter.Schoolchildrenworkonpersonalcomputersbaseduponstate-of-the-artelectronics.Diseasesareimaged,d
5、iagnosed,andtreatedwithoutsurgery.Andpeoplecanspeakclearlytoothersaroundtheworldusingaphonesmallerthanahumanhand.RHICisdesignedtoextendthisfrontier,providingaccesstothemostfundamentalbuildingblocksofnatureknownsofar—quarksandgluons.Bycollidingthenucleiofgoldatomstogeth
6、eratnearlythespeedoflight,RHICheatsthematterincollisiontomorethanabilliontimesthetemperatureofthesun.Insodoing,scientistsareabletostudythefundamentalpropertiesofthebasicbuildingblocksofmatterandlearnhowtheybehaved15to20billionyearsago,whentheuniversewasbarelyasplit-sec
7、ondold.Scientistshaveatheory,calledquantum-chromodynamics,aboutwhatwillberevealedatRHIC.However,withoutperformingtheexperiment,whoknowswhatthetruthreallyis?Manyofthegreatestadvancesofthelastcenturyresultedfromexperimentsthatproducedresultscompletelydifferentfromwhatthe
8、orypredicted.Thosesuccessful“failures”ledtoanewunderstandingofthemicroscopicstructureofmatterandtotechnologiesessenti
