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1、Downsyndrome,orDown'ssyndrome(primarilyintheUnitedKingdom),[1][2]trisomy21,ortrisomyG,isachromosomaldisordercausedbythepresenceofallorpartofanextra21stchromosome.ItisnamedafterJohnLangdonDown,theBritishphysicianwhodescribedthesyndromein1866.Thedisorde
2、rwasidentifiedasachromosome21trisomybyJérômeLejeunein1959.Theconditionischaracterizedbyacombinationofmajorandminordifferencesinstructure.OftenDownsyndromeisassociatedwithsomeimpairmentofcognitiveabilityandphysicalgrowth,andaparticularsetoffacialcharac
3、teristics.Downsyndromeinafetuscanbeidentifiedwithamniocentesisduringpregnancy,orinababyatbirth.IndividualswithDownsyndrometendtohavealowerthanaveragecognitiveability,oftenrangingfrommildtomoderatedevelopmentaldisabilities.Asmallnumberhaveseveretoprofo
4、undmentaldisability.TheincidenceofDownsyndromeisestimatedat1per800to1,000births,althoughitisstatisticallymuchmorecommonwitholdermothers.Otherfactorsmayalsoplayarole.ManyofthecommonphysicalfeaturesofDownsyndromemayalsoappearinpeoplewithastandardsetofch
5、romosomes,includingmicrogenia(anabnormallysmallchin)[3],anunusuallyroundface,macroglossia[4](protrudingoroversizedtongue),analmondshapetotheeyescausedbyanepicanthicfoldoftheeyelid,upslantingpalpebralfissures(theseparationbetweentheupperandlowereyelids
6、),shorterlimbs,asingletransversepalmarcrease(asingleinsteadofadoublecreaseacrossoneorbothpalms,alsocalledtheSimiancrease),poormuscletone,andalargerthannormalspacebetweenthebigandsecondtoes.HealthconcernsforindividualswithDownsyndromeincludeahigherrisk
7、forcongenitalheartdefects,gastroesophagealrefluxdisease,recurrentearinfections,obstructivesleepapnea,andthyroiddysfunctions.Earlychildhoodintervention,screeningforcommonproblems,medicaltreatmentwhereindicated,aconducivefamilyenvironment,andvocationalt
8、rainingcanimprovetheoveralldevelopmentofchildrenwithDownsyndrome.AlthoughsomeofthephysicalgeneticlimitationsofDownsyndromecannotbeovercome,educationandpropercarewillimprovequalityoflife.[5]CharacteristicsIndividualswithDownsyndromemayhavesomeo
