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1、ChapterEightLanguageinUse外语学院精品课程《英语语言学》Outline8.1Introduction8.2Speechacttheory8.3Principlesofconversationandfloutingoftheconversationmaxims8.4Task外语学院精品课程《英语语言学》8.1.1Definitions:Pragmaticsisthestudyofhowspeakersofalanguageusesentencestoeffectsuccessfulcom
2、munication.Itstudiesthefollowingtopics:deixis(指示功能),speechacts,indirectlanguage,conversation,politeness,cross-culturalcommunication,andpresupposition.(Dai&He,2002,p.84)Pragmaticsisthestudyofspeakermeaning,contextualmeaning,howmoregetscommunicatedthanissaid,
3、theexpressionofrelativedistance.(Yule,2000,p.3)8.1Introduction外语学院精品课程《英语语言学》SemanticsContextconsideredContextunconsideredPragmaticsTraditionalsemantics8.1.2Theorigin外语学院精品课程《英语语言学》SpeakerASpeakerBKnowledgeoflanguageWhathasbeensaidbeforeKnowledgeaboutthew
4、orldKnowledgeaboutthesituationKnowledgeabouteachother8.1.3Context外语学院精品课程《英语语言学》Example:AsuggestionTodayisSunday.DemandRequest…(He,1988,pp.3-4)外语学院精品课程《英语语言学》8.1.4SentenceandutteranceTherelation:Meaningofasentenceisabstractanddecontextualizedwhilemeaningofa
5、nutteranceisconcreteandcontext-dependent.Themeaningofanutteranceisbasedonasentencemeaningandtherealizationoftheabstractmeaningofasentenceinarealsituationofcommunication.Example:Mybagisheavy.(utterancemeaning:astatement,indirectorpoliterequest,decliningsomeo
6、ne’srequestforhelp)外语学院精品课程《英语语言学》8.2Speechacttheory8.2.1Austin’smodelofspeechactsSpeechacttheory:aphilosophicalexplanationofthenatureoflinguisticcommunication.Itaimstoanswerthisquestion:“Whatdowedowhenusinglanguage?”外语学院精品课程《英语语言学》Austin’sthreespeechacts:T
7、raditionalphilosopher’sview:truevalue,stateafactordescribeastateofaffairsAustin’s“constatives”(述事话语)and“performatives”(行事话语)(Austin’sclassicalexamples:assuringmarriage,naming,bequeathingandbetting)Threespeechacts:locutionary,illocutionaryandperlocutionary(E
8、xample:Youhaveleftthedoorwideopen.Seerelatedpartonpage89.)外语学院精品课程《英语语言学》Definitionsofthethreespeechacts:Locutionaryact:actofutteringwords,phrases,clausesIllocutionaryact:theactofexpressingthespeaker’s
