英语语义学讲义(上).ppt

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1、语言学导论任课教师：沈园语义学语言学导论任课教师：沈园涵义(Sense)指称(Reference)MorningStaristheEveningStar.MorningStaristheMorningStar.语言学导论任课教师：沈园意义词的意义

2、词组的意义

3、句子的意义

4、言语(utterance)的意义语言学导论任课教师：沈园参与者角色（题元角色）施事(Agent)受事(Theme)目标(Goal)方位(location)经验者(Experiencer)来源(source)受益者(benefactive)语言学导论任课教师：沈园Beckha

5、mkickedtheball.AgentPredicateThemeAgent–BeckhamTheme–theball语言学导论任课教师：沈园AgentCarmenbrowsedthewebpage.AGENTTHEMEAngietookthebook.AGENTTHEMEThemeTheballrolls.THEME语言学导论任课教师：沈园ExperiencerandBenefactiveExperiencerThestudentslovesyntax.EXPERIENCERTHEMEBenefactiveTonygaveCarmena

6、pencil.AGENTBENEFACTIVETHEME语言学导论任课教师：沈园Goal,LocationandSourceGoalBeckhamkickedtheballintothegoal.AGENTTHEMEGOALLocationHeisinHongKong.THEMELOCATIONSourceAnnborrowedthebookfromthelibrary.AGENTTHEMESOURCE语言学导论任课教师：沈园练习Petertoldthestorytohisfriends.Maryheardthecry.Thebookiso

7、nthedesk.语言学导论任课教师：沈园主语与参与者角色的对应施事>受事/受益者>工具>场所语言学导论任课教师：沈园Petebrokethecomputer.agentthemeThecomputerbroke.theme语言学导论任课教师：沈园Peteatethechicken.agentthemeThechickenate.agent/*theme语言学导论任课教师：沈园句子意义之间的关系蕴含（Entailment）如果A为真，B一定为真.A:RodneytalkedtoPaulandSally.B:RodneytalkedtoPa

8、ul.A:Mostlinguistsarevegetarians.B:Atleastonelinguistisavegetarian.语言学导论任课教师：沈园预设(presupposition)要判断A是否为真，必须先假定B为真。A:Rodneyhasquitsmoking.B:Rodneysmokedbefore.A:RodneywenttoPhiladelphiaagain.B:RodneyhadbeentoPhiladelphiabefore.语言学导论任课教师：沈园预设(presupposition)(1)Poloniusquitb

9、itinghisnailsPresupposes:PoloniususedtobitehisnailsAsserts:Poloniusstoppedbitinghisnails(2)Poloniusdidn’tquitbitinghisnailsPresupposes:PoloniususedtobitehisnailsAsserts:Hestilldoes!语言学导论任课教师：沈园regret,quitLearregrettedyellingatGonerilLeardidn’tregretyellingatGonerilBothpres

10、uppose:LearyelledatGoneril语言学导论任课教师：沈园theThePrinceofDenmarkis(n’t)crazyPresupposes:ThereisaPrinceofDenmarkTheFrenchkingisbald.语言学导论任课教师：沈园ItwasyesterdaythatheflewtoLondon.HeflewtoLondon.语言学导论任课教师：沈园Q:如何区分预设与蕴含?A:Rodneyhasn’tquitsmoking.B:Rodneysmokedbefore.A:Rodneydidn’tgo

11、toPhiladelphiaagain.B:RodneyhadbeentoPhiladelphiabefore.