最新languageandlanguagelearning秋939008944教学讲义ppt课件.ppt

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1、LanguageandLanguageLearning2008秋939008944Aphenomenoninlanguageuse:MetaphororNon-literalmeaning1.Edwardissimplyalion.(metaphor)Literal:alargecarnivorouscat.Non-literal/implied:courageousandferocious2.Thewavesswalloweduptheship.(Theshipsank.)ComprehensionLeadstoAcquisitionWemustfirstlyundersta

2、ndwhatdoesthespeakermeanwhenhe/shesayssomethingunderaspecificcontext(input).Thenwetrytosetupalanguagesystembywhichweexpressourselvesproperly(ourideas,mood/feeling,opinions)byspeakingandwriting(output).Text:passageofanylengthwhichformaunitedwhole.It’stheactualuseoflanguage.--theme(what’sthema

3、inidea)--pointofview--plot(themainconflict,themaincharacters)--style(humorous/serious,formal/colloquial…)Languageisverycolorfulinactualuse.Peopleusedifferentmodesofexpressiontoexpresstheirviewsabouttheworld.Onlyinyoungchildren’sspeech,weseldomencounternon-literalmeaningofwords.Sothephenomeno

4、nthatwordscanbeusednon-literallyhascausedtheattentionbymanyscholars.Grice,H.P.:GeneralCooperativePrinciple“Makeyourconversationalcontributionsuchasisrequired,atthestageatwhichitoccursbytheacceptedpurposeordirectionofthetalkexchangeinwhichyouareengaged.”MaximofQuality:donotsaywhatyoubelieveto

5、befalseMaximofQuantity:makeyourcontributionasinformativeasisrequiredforcurrentpurposesofexchange.MaximofRelevance:makeyourcontributionrelevantMaximofManner:beperspicuous（意思明白，表达清楚）--avoidobscurity,ambiguity;bebrief,beorderlyGrice’sexampleAprofessoriswritingatestimonialaboutapupilwhoiscandida

6、teforaphilosophyjob,andhisletterreadsasfollows:“Dearsir,Mr.X’scommandofEnglishisexcellent,andhisattendanceattutorialshasbeenregular.Youretc.Context:When/where/when/who,towhomContext:XhasbetrayedAA:“Xisafinefriend”—IronyXXXisafinefriend!(ofamanwhoisdrunkandknowntohavebrokenupallthefurniture)H

7、ewasalittleintoxicated”—MeiosisConclusionNon-literalmeaning/ImplicaturereliesheavilyoncontextRhetoricalDevices/ModeofExpressiondifferentchoiceofwordhowthewordsareselectedhowthemeaningisexpressedAnotherexample(atagenteelteaparty)A:“MrsXisanoldbag