Public Policy Process：公共政策过程.ppt

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1、PublicPolicyProcessPolicyIssuesPolicyAgendaLegislationRegulatoryagenciesPolicyEvaluationPolicyIssues:ProblemsthatexistinsocietySocialEconomicPoliticalTechnologicalPolicyAgenda:ChoosingwhichissuestofocusonVisibilityPowerfulstakeholdersImportanttoreelectionLegislation:AddressingtheAgendaS

2、etparametersEstablishregulatoryagenciesSettimeframeRegulatoryAgencies:ImplementPoliciesSpecificrulesPenaltiesJudgmentEnforcementPolicyEvaluation:JudicialReviewofPoliciesInterpretlawsOrdercomplianceImplicationsofthePolicyProcessModelBusinesscanbringinfluenceatanypointintheprocess.Theearl

3、iertheinfluenceisintheprocess,thegreaterimpactandlikelihoodofsuccess,andthelowerthecostswillbe.FactorsAffectingCurrentBusiness/PoliticalRelationshipRiseinSpecialInterestGroupsDeclineinVotingDiffusionofPowerinGovernmentReformsinCongressThedeclineofpartypowerIncreasedcomplexityingovernmen

4、tBusinessinvolvementinpoliticsLobbyingTheelectoralprocessLobbying:Advocatingaviewpointtogovernment.Alobbyistengagesinpersuasionandgivestwotypesofinformation:technicalinformation.politicalinformation.Lobbyistsarelooselyregulated.Akeyissueinlobbyingistheimbalanceofaccessandpower..TheAbram

5、offScandalsOpeningCaseRep.TomDeLay(R-Texas)pressuredlobbyiststosupporthiscandidatesandcausesandrewardedthelobbyistthroughtheuseofCongressionalearmarks.JackAbramoffwasalobbyistwhosestylewastolavishattentionandfavorsonlawmakers.BobNey(R-Ohio)acceptedgiftsandtripsandthendidlegislativefavo

6、rsatAbramoff’srequest.Randy“Duke”Cunningham(R-California)wascorrupttoanunprecedenteddegree.Heevenhada“bribemenu.”Corporationsdominatethepoliticalareawithhugeexpendituresforlobbyingandcampaigndonations.TherecentspateofWashingtonscandalsteachthattheareainwhichbusinessmustpursueitspolitica

7、lgoalscanbehighlycompromising.9-3PathsofPressureMcGraw-Hill/Irwin©2006TheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.9-12TensionOverCorporatePoliticalExpressionDebateisperennialoverwhethertoomuchcorporatemoneyenterspolitics.Beginningwiththe1907TillmanAct,effortstoeliminateithave