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1、系统功能语言学（2）Contextandtextarecloselyrelated.Wecanpredictthetextfromcontext,andpredictionthecontextfromthetext.Halliday’sexample:Ifyoucomeacrossonceuponatime,thenyouknowimmediatelythatyouarebeingtoldatraditionalstory,probablyachildren'sstory.Thereisnoothercontextinwhichthatexpressionisused.Youc
2、anthereforepredictquitealotnotonlyaboutwhatisgoingtofollow,butalsoaboutthesituationinwhichthatisactuallybeingused;typically,letussay,someonereadingoutastorytoasmallchild.Ifyouhearfourhearts,itisprobablynotsomethingtakenfrom.ateenageromancenovel,butabidinagameofbridge:itcanonlyoccuratcertainp
3、ointsinacertaincardgame.Ifyouhearonyourmarks,thenyouknowthatitisasportsoccasionataschool,probablyaprimaryschool,andthataraceisabouttobegin;theteacherstartingtheraceissayingonyourmarks,getset,go.Ifyouhear30please,itcouldbeinashop,butitismorelikelytobeonsomeformofpublictransportwherethecostoft
4、heticketis30c;themeaningis'Iwantone30cticket,please'.Ontheotherhand,withoutthecontext,sometimes,itisdifficulttoknowthemeaningofthetext:Sincetherelationbetweentextandcontextisestablished,thenthenextquestionis:Whatdimensionsofcontexthaveanimpactontheuseoflanguage,andwhatdimensionsofthetextarea
5、ffectedbytheparticulardimensionsofthecontext?Weneedtostudycontextindetail.Levels:register,genre,ideologyRegister:(followingMartin’stheory):field,tenorandmode:referringtothesituationalcontextGenre(theculturalcontext):thestagesandstructuresofthetexts.Ideology(thevalueswehold,thebiasesandperspe
6、ctivesweadopt.)thedominantculturalbeliefsandideas.1.语域人类所有的语言活动都是在一定的语境中发生的。语域的界定：语域指的是“语言的功能变体”（functionalvarietyoflanguage).所谓功能变体，就是因情景语境的变化而产生变化的语言变化形式。根据GregoryandCarroll(1978)的观点，语境因素包含：话语范围（fieldofdiscourse)、话语基调(tenorofdiscourse)、话语方式（modeofdiscourse)FieldofdiscourseSubjectmatterands
7、etting;subjectmattercanbetechnicalornon-technical.Voiceisoftenconstrainedbyfieldofdiscourse.TenorofdiscoursePersonaltenorandfunctionaltenor;intimateordistantrelationship;formality.ModeofdiscourseMediumandchannel;spoken/written;spokentobewritten/wri
