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1、IntroductiontoSystemicFunctionalLinguisitcsChapterFour:cohesionThemeandInformationStructureThereshouldalsobesomemechanismsordevicesthatcanrelateoneclauseorclausecomplextootherclausesorclausecomplexes.Thiscannotbeachievedbygrammaticalstructures.Thedevicethatrelateclausesandclausecomplexestogethertofo
2、rmatextisanon-structuralresourcecalledcohesion.TherearealtogetherfourwaysbywhichcohesioniscreatedinEnglish:byreference,ellipsisandsubstitution,conjunctionandlexicalcohesion.StrataandUnitsContentvsexpression：Sem+gravsphUnitsofanalysisGrammarClauseGroupWordMorphemePhonology:Tonegroup;foot;syllable,pho
3、nemeDefiningdiscoursesemanticsSemanticsThreekindsofmeaningsDiscourseMeaningandclausestructures.Texture:cohesivetieCoherence:situational,generic,textualCohesion:reference,substitutionandellipsis,conjunction,lexicalcohesionTheCohesiveDevicesTheconceptofcohesionisasemanticone;itreferstorelationsofmeani
4、ngthatexistwithinthetext,andthatdefineitasatext.CohesionoccurswheretheinterpretationofsomeelementinthediscourseisdependentonthatofanotherInEnglishcohesionisexpressedbythefollowinggrammaticalandvocabularydevices:reference（照应）,ellipsis（省略）,substitution（替代）,conjunction（连接）,andlexicalcohesion（词汇衔接）.Refe
5、rence2.1.1EndophoricandExophoricReferenceLookatthefollowingexamplesfirst:(1)A:‘Whyareyoulookingatmelikethat?’‘Saysomething,willyou!’‘Openyourmouthandsaywhatyou’vegottosay!’B:‘Bill,whatwouldyoudoifoneofthegangwentoutatnightandtoldsomeoneallaboutus,andwhatwe’dgone?Whatwouldyoudotohim?’A:‘I’dsmashhishe
6、adintolittlepieces,’….(2)‘Whyareyoulookingatmelikethat?’askedSikes,uneasyattheoldman’sstrangeexpression.Faginraisedhishead,buthispassionwassogreatthathecouldnotspeak.‘Saysomething,willyou!’shoutedSikes,placinghishugehandonFagin’scollarandshakinghiminhisangerandfear.‘Openyourmouthandsaywhatyou’vegott
7、osay!’ReferenceThefirstexampleismuchmorecloselytiedtothecontext,withoutwhichthereadercannotunderstandit,whereasthesecondoneisfreeofthecontext,withoutwhichthereaderhasnodifficultyindecodingit.Thereisno
