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1、2017~2020年上海高考真题汇编—概要写作2020年秋考Arepeopleunique?Itishumanbeings’pridethatwearetheonlyspeciesonthePlanetthatcanspeakandthink.However,recentresearchcastsdoubtonthatcommonbelief.Zuberbuhler,apsychologistatSt.AndrewsUniversity,andhiscolleaguesrecordedthousandsofcallsmadebyDianamonkeysandnoticedthatthe
2、monkeysadaptedtheircallstochangethemeaningtowarnoneanotheraboutdifferentsituations.Forexample,theymadea‘krack’alarmcallatthesightoftiger.However,whentheymerelyrepeatedcallsmadebyothermonkeystheyaddedan‘oo’.Theresearchersfoundthatthesamecallswouldberecognisedbyotherspecies,likeCampbell’smonkeys.S
3、otheyarecommunicatingacrossspecies.‘Andsincethenwehavefoundthathornbillbirdscanunderstandthesecallsandtheytoocanunderstandallthedifferentmeanings’,saidZuberbuhler.Whatisalsosurprisingisthatsignsofintelligencehavebeenfoundinbirds,whosesmallbrainswerelongassumedtobeacompletebarriertointelligence.H
4、owever,allthatischangingfast.AfewyearsagoIrenePepperbergoftheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologytaughtaparrottorecogniseandcountuptosixobjects,whichcouldn’thavebeenachievedifbirdswereunabletomemorize.Lastyear,thatwastoppedbyAlexKacelnik,aprofessorofbehavioralecologyatOxford,whodiscoveredthatcrows
5、(乌鸦)arecapableofusingtoolsincomplexorders,thefirsttimesuchbehaviourhasbeenobservedinnon-humans.Inanexperimentsevencrowssuccessfullygrabbedapieceoffoodplacedoutofreachusingthreedifferentlengthsofstick.Crucially,theywereabletocompletethetaskwithoutanyspecialtraining,suggestingthebirdswerecapableof
6、alevelofabstractreasoningnormallyassociatedonlywithhumans.Allthisispowerfulevidenceagainsttheideathatpeopleareunique.Scientistshavediscoveredsignsoflanguageandintelligenceinmonkeysandbirds.Somemonkeyscancommunicatevariousmessageswithdifferentcallsinandacrossspecies.Somebirds,likeparrotsandcrows,
7、havetheabilitytomemorizeandreason.Solanguageandintelligencearenotuniquetohumans.2020年春考GlobalCooperationInthe21stcentury,we’veseenanewtrendthatispushingtheboundaries(边界)ofhumaninventionandinnovation—globalcooperation.Scienti
