曼昆经济学原理复习资料整理.docx

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1、曼昆经济学原理复习资料整理.————————————————————————————————作者:————————————————————————————————日期:1Q４Whyｈsouｌｄｐolicymakerｓtｈiｎkaboutｃinentiｖeｓ?Polｉcｙmaｋersneｅdtothinｋaｂoutｎicｅｎtivessoｔhｅycanｎudｅrstandhowｐeｏplewillｐresondtoｔｈepolｉciｅsthｅyputinplacｅ．Ｔｈeｔeｘt'seｘａmpleoｆseatbｅltssｈｏwｓtｈaｔpolｉcyacｔｉoｎscaｎhaveｑuit

2、euｎintｅnｄｅdconｓｅqｕeｎｃeｓ．Ifｉnceｎｔiｖesmatｔeraloｔ,tｈｅymayleadtｏａverydifferｅnttyｐeofｐoliｃｙ;forexample,someｅconomistshavｅsｕｇgeｓteｄputtｉngknivesinsteeｒinｇcolumｎsｓｏthａtｐeｏpleｗiｌlｄｒｉvemuchｅmorcarefuｌlｙ!Whilethisｓuggestionsiｌisｌy,ithighligｈtsｈtｅｉmpｏrtaｎceｏfｉnｃeｎtiｖｅs.Q6ｗhatdoeｓｔｈeinｖｉsibｌehandofthemark

3、etplａcedo？The＂invisiblｅhａｎｄ"ofｔhｅmarketｐlａcerepｒesenｔstheideaｈtateventhoughｉｖindｕａｌsａｎdfirmｓareａllactingｉntheirownself-inteｒｓt,pricesandthemａｒkｅtｐlacｅguｉdetｈemｔodoｗhatisｇoodforｓocieｔyasawhｏle.２Q1Hoｗｉseｃｏnoｍｉcslｉkeaｉscｅｎce？Eｃoｎomicsisｋlieaｓcieｎceｅbcausｅecｏnｏmistｓusｅtheｃsienｔiｆicmetｈod．Ｔheydevis

4、ｅｔheｏrｉes，coｌlｅｃｔdaｔa,ｎadｔheｎanaｌyzｅｔhesedatainｔanｔemptatoｖeｒiｆyorrefuｔetheirｈeoriｅsabouthowtｈeworｌdwｏrks.Econoｍistsuseｔｈｅoｒyandobsｅrvatiｏnlikeothｅrscientisｔｓ,buttheｙarｅｌimitedinｈeirtabilitｙtorunｃｏnｔｒolledｅxpeｒiｍｅnts.Ｉnsteａd，ｔheｙmusｔrｅｌｙｏnnatｕralexpeｒimenｔs.Q５Useaｒpｏducｔionpoｓsｉbｉlitiesｆrontｉe

5、ｒtｏdeｓｃribetheideaof“efficieｎcy”?Tｈeideaofefｆiｃiｅnｃyisthataｎｏuｔcｏｍｅisefficiｅntiftheeconomyisgettingaｌlitcanfrｏmthesｃarceresoｕｃesitｈasavaiｌable．Ｉｎteｒmsoftheproduｃｔioｎposｓibilitieｓfroｎｔｉer,aｎeｆfｉcieｎtpoinｔｉsapoｉｎｔonthｅfrontｉｅr，sｕcｈaspｏintＡinFigure４.Aｐointinsｉdｅtｈefrontｉer,sucｈａspointB,isinefｆicｉ

6、enｔｓincemoｒｅoｆoｎｅgｏoｄｃｏuldbepｒoduｃｅｄwｉthｏutｒedｕｃｉngtheｐrodｕctionofｔanohergoｏd.Q7Whaｔistheｆdifｅｒencebetｗeenapositiveandanoｒmatiｖeｔsａtｅment？Giveａnexamplｅｏｆtｈat.Ｐosｉtivestatementsareｄesｃｒiptivｅanｄｍakeaｃｌａｉｍabouthowｔｈeｗorldis,whｉlenormativestatemeｎtsｒepｒesｃriptiｖeaｎdｍａkｅaclaimaboutｏｗhｔhewｏｒldought

7、to．beHereisｎaｅxaｍplｅ.Positive:ＡrapｉdｇroｗｔhａrteｏfmonｅyｉsthecaｕseofinflationNorma.ｔive:Theｏgveｒnmeｎtｓｈouldkeeｐｔｈｅgrowtｈrａteofmoneyｗ.lo3Q1Explainhowaｂｓoluteｄaｖantagｅandcomparatiｖeａdｖanｔａgediffer.Ａbsoluｔeａdvantagｅｒeflｅctsaｃｏmｐarisonofｔhepｒo