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1、标准文档1Q4Whyshouldpolicymakersthinkaboutincentives?Policymakersneedtothinkaboutincentivessotheycanunderstandhowpeoplewillrespondtothepoliciestheyputinplace.Thetext'sexampleofseatbeltsshowsthatpolicyactionscanhavequiteunintendedconsequences.Ifincentivesmatteralot,theymayleadtoaver
2、ydifferenttypeofpolicy;forexample,someeconomistshavesuggestedputtingknivesinsteeringcolumnssothatpeoplewilldrivemuchmorecarefully!Whilethissuggestionissilly,ithighlightstheimportanceofincentives.Q6whatdoestheinvisiblehandofthemarketplacedo?The"invisiblehand"ofthemarketplacerepr
3、esentstheideathateventhoughindividualsandfirmsareallactingintheirownself-interest,pricesandthemarketplaceguidethemtodowhatisgoodforsocietyasawhole.2Q1Howiseconomicslikeascience?Economicsislikeasciencebecauseeconomistsusethescientificmethod.Theydevisetheories,collectdata,andthen
4、analyzethesedatainanattempttoverifyorrefutetheirtheoriesabouthowtheworldworks.Economistsusetheoryandobservationlikeotherscientists,buttheyarelimitedintheirabilitytoruncontrolledexperiments.Instead,theymustrelyonnaturalexperiments.Q5Useaproductionpossibilitiesfrontiertodescribet
5、heideaof“efficiency”?Theideaofefficiencyisthatanoutcomeisefficientiftheeconomyisgettingallitcanfromthescarceresourcesithasavailable.Intermsoftheproductionpossibilitiesfrontier,anefficientpointisapointonthefrontier,suchaspointAinFigure4.Apointinsidethefrontier,suchaspointB,isine
6、fficientsincemoreofonegoodcouldbeproducedwithoutreducingtheproductionofanothergood.Q7Whatisthedifferencebetweenapositiveandanormativestatement?Giveanexampleofthat.Positivestatementsaredescriptiveandmakeaclaimabouthowtheworldis,whilenormativestatementsareprescriptiveandmakeaclai
7、mabouthowtheworldoughttobe.Hereisanexample.Positive:Arapidgrowthrateofmoneyisthecauseofinflation.Normative:Thegovernmentshouldkeepthegrowthrateofmoneylow.3Q1Explainhowabsoluteadvantageandcomparativeadvantagediffer.Absoluteadvantagereflectsacomparisonoftheproductivityofoneperson
8、,firm,ornationtothatofanother,whilecomparativeadvantag
