曼昆经济学原理复习资料整理.doc

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1、1Q4Whyshouldpolicymakersthinkaboutincentives?Policymakersneedtothinkaboutincentivessotheycanunderstandhowpeoplewillrespondtothepoliciestheyputinplace.Thetext'sexampleofseatbeltsshowsthatpolicyactionscanhavequiteunintendedconsequences.Ifincentivesmatteralot,theymayleadtoaverydifferentt

2、ypeofpolicy;forexample,someeconomistshavesuggestedputtingknivesinsteeringcolumnssothatpeoplewilldrivemuchmorecarefully!Whilethissuggestionissilly,ithighlightstheimportanceofincentives.Q6whatdoestheinvisiblehandofthemarketplacedo?The"invisiblehand"ofthemarketplacerepresentstheideathate

3、venthoughindividualsandfirmsareallactingintheirownself-interest,pricesandthemarketplaceguidethemtodowhatisgoodforsocietyasawhole.2Q1Howiseconomicslikeascience?Economicsislikeasciencebecauseeconomistsusethescientificmethod.Theydevisetheories,collectdata,andthenanalyzethesedatainanattem

4、pttoverifyorrefutetheirtheoriesabouthowtheworldworks.Economistsusetheoryandobservationlikeotherscientists,buttheyarelimitedintheirabilitytoruncontrolledexperiments.Instead,theymustrelyonnaturalexperiments.Q5Useaproductionpossibilitiesfrontiertodescribetheideaof“efficiency”?Theideaofef

5、ficiencyisthatanoutcomeisefficientiftheeconomyisgettingallitcanfromthescarceresourcesithasavailable.Intermsoftheproductionpossibilitiesfrontier,anefficientpointisapointonthefrontier,suchaspointAinFigure4.Apointinsidethefrontier,suchaspointB,isinefficientsincemoreofonegoodcouldbeproduc

6、edwithoutreducingtheproductionofanothergood.Q7Whatisthedifferencebetweenapositiveandanormativestatement?Giveanexampleofthat.Positivestatementsaredescriptiveandmakeaclaimabouthowtheworldis,whilenormativestatementsareprescriptiveandmakeaclaimabouthowtheworldoughttobe.Hereisanexample.Pos

7、itive:Arapidgrowthrateofmoneyisthecauseofinflation.Normative:Thegovernmentshouldkeepthegrowthrateofmoneylow.3Q1Explainhowabsoluteadvantageandcomparativeadvantagediffer.Absoluteadvantagereflectsacomparisonoftheproductivityofoneperson,firm,ornationtothatofanother,whilecomparativeadvanta

8、geisb