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1、语言学-第五单元-sentence-meaningForexample:boygirlhumanmaleyounghumanyoungfemaleForexample:manwomanhumanhumanmalefemaleadultadultSignals+:negative-:positive~:opposite,means“non-”male;female~maleadult;young~adultSemanticFeaturesGirl:[+HUMAN,-ADULT,-MALE]Boy:[+HUMAN,-ADULT,+MALE]Man:[+HUMAN,+ADUL
2、T,+MALE]Woman:[+HUMAN,+ADULT,-MALE]Antonyms(反义词):haveonlyonecontrastingcomponent.{boy:girl}{woman:girl}{man:woman}{man:boy}SemanticFeaturesbachelor:[+HUMAN,+ADULT,+MALE,-MARRIED]unmarriedman:[+HUMAN,+ADULT,+MALE,-MARRIED]Synonym(同义词):havethesamecomponents.Nouns&Verbsfather:PARENT(x,y)&MA
3、LE(x)xisaparentofy,andxismale.take:CAUSE(x,(HAVE(x,y)))xcausesxtohavey.give:CAUSE(x,(~HAVE(x,y)))xcausesxnottohavey.SenseRelationsa.JohnkilledBillbutBilldidn’tdie.kill=CAUSE(x,(BECOME(y,(~ALIVE(y)))))die=BECOME(x,(~ALIVE(x)))b.JohnmurderedBillwithoutintendingto.murder=INTEND(x,(CAUSE(x,(
4、BECOME(y,(~ALIE))))))Entailment(衍推关系)a.Isawaboy.b.IsawachildIfaistrue,bistrue.Ifbisfalse,aisfalse.boychildDifficultiespolysemouswords(多义的)binarytaxonomies(二分的)whetheruniversal(是否普遍)5.5.1AnIntegratedTheorySentencemeaning1.Thedogchasestheman.Themanchasesthedog.2.I’vealreadyseenthatfilm.Tha
5、tfilmI’vealreadyseen.3.ThesonofAnne’sdaughteristhedaughterofAnne’sson.WordorderThematicmeaningSyntacticstructuresSentencemeaning1.Compositionality（组合性原则）:Theideathatmeaningofasentenceisbasedonthemeaningofitsconstituentwordsandthewaytheyarecombinediscalledcompositionality.2.In1963,Katzand
6、FodorputforwardsemantictheorytoputCompositionalityintopractice.SentencemeaningSemanticTheoryADictionaryAsetofProjectionRulesGrammaticalclassificationSemanticinformationCombiningthemeaningsofwordstogetherGeneralSpecificSemanticmarkersDistinguishersSentencemeaningAsyntacticdescriptionofThe
7、manhitsthecolorfulball.SNPVPDetNthemanVNPhitsDetNtheAdjNcolorfulball5.5.2LogicalSemanticssentencemeaningAnunanalyzedwholeTheinternalstructurePropositionalLogicPredicateLogicPropositionalLogicProposition:whatisexpressedbydescribingadeclarativesentence.(proposition﹦meaning)
