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1、MORPHOLOGICALSTRUCTUREOFENGLISHWORDSChapterTwo11.Content2.1Morphemes2.2Allomorphs2.3Classificationsofmorphemes22.MorphologicalstructureofthewordTheinternalstructuralofwordsandrulebywhichwordsareformed.Awordisthesmallestunitofalanguagethatstandsalonetocommunicatemeaning.Structurally,howeve
2、r,awordisnotthesmallestunitbecausemanywordscanbeseparatedintosmallermeaningfulunits.Wordsarecomposedofmorphemes.33.2.1MorphemesThemorphemeisthesmallestmeaningfullinguisticunitoflanguage,notdivisibleoranalyzableintosmallerforms.Themorphemedenotesthesmallestunitsortheminimumdistinctivefeatu
3、reofsomeclassofthings.Amorphemeisalsotwo-facetlanguageunitwhichpossessesbothsoundandmeaning.Onemorpheme:nationTwomorphemes:nation-alThreemorphemes:nation-al-izeFourmorphemes:de-nation-al-ize44.Anallomorph(词/语素变体)anyofthevariantformsofamorphemeasconditionedbypositionoradjoiningsounds.Diffe
4、rentformsofthesamemorpheme.(Anallomorphisoneoftwoormorecomplementarymorphswhichmanifestamorphemeinitsdifferentphonologicalormorphologicalenvironments.)caps,classes:※-s(plural)-ion,-tion,-ation,-sionpositionalallomorphsofthesamesuffix动词过去时态变化–ed,-ied2.2Allomorphs55.2.3Classificationsofmorp
5、hemesIngeneral,therearetwomaintypesofclassificationofmorphemesFreemorphemesandboundmorphemesRootsandaffixes66.2.3.1FreemorphemesandboundmorphemesFreemorphemesAfreemorphemeisonethatcanbeutteredalonewithmeaning.Freemorphemeshavecompletemeaningsinthemselvesandcanbeusedasfreegrammaticalunitsi
6、nsentences,i.e.,freeroots(自由词根).Afreemorphemeisaword,intraditionalsense.E.g.:earth,wind,boy,bite,etc77.BoundmorphemesAboundmorphemecannotstandbyitselfasacompleteutterance;itmustappearwithatleastoneothermorpheme,freeorbound.Inflectionalelementsandaffixesareboundmorphemes.theyhaveattachedme
7、aning(un-kind,hope-ful)orgrammaticalmeaning(cat-s,slow-ly,walk-ing,call-ed).Theyarealsocalledgrammaticalmorphemes.88.2.3.2RootsandaffixesRoots,i.e.,rootmorphemesArootisthebasicunchangeablepartofaword,anditconveysthemainlexicalmeaningoftheword.work,workable,worker,wo
