语言学知识(专八).doc

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1、语言学知识语言学是对语言的系统研究，对于一个学习英语的人来说，应该懂一点语言学的知识，它可以在理论上对学习语言有指导作用，有助于更好的学习语言，下面介绍一点语言学知识。I.Introduction1.WhatisLanguageLanguageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.2.WhatisLinguistics(语言学)Linguisticsisthescientificstudyoflanguage.3.SomeBasicDistinctions(区分)inLinguistics3.1Speecha

2、ndWritingOnegeneralprinciple(原则)oflinguisticanalysisistheprimacyofspeechoverwriting.Writinggiveslanguagenewscope(范畴)andusesthatspeechdoesnothave.3.2Descriptive(描述性)orPrescriptive(说明性)Alinguisticstudyisdescriptiveifitdescribesandanalysesfactsobserved;itisprescriptiveifittriestolaydownrulesfor"cor

3、rect"behavior.3.3Synchronic(共时)andDiachronic(历时)StudiesThedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointintimeisasynchronicstudyandThedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtimeisadiachronicstudy.3.4Langue(语言)andParole(言语)ThisisadistinctionmadebytheSwisslinguistF.DeSaussure(索绪尔）earlylastcentury.languerefers

4、totheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunityandparolereferstotheactualized(实际的)language,orrealizationoflangue.3.5Competence(能力)andPerformance(行为)Competenceistheideallanguageuser'sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage.Performanceistheactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinutterances

5、(发声).4.TheScopeofLinguisticsGenerallinguisticsisthestudyoflanguageasawhole.Phonetics(语音学)isthebranchoflinguisticswhichstudiesthecharacteristicsofspeechsoundsandprovidesmethodsfortheirdescription,classificationandtranscription.Phonology(音韵学)isthebranchoflinguisticswhichstudiesthesoundpatternsofla

6、nguages.Morphology(词法)isthebranchoflinguisticswhichstudiestheformofwords.Syntax(句法)isthebranchoflinguisticswhichstudiestherulesgoverningthecombinationofwordsintosentences.Semantics(语义学)isthebranchoflinguisticswhichstudiesthemeaningoflanguage.Appliedlinguistics(应用语言学)isthestudyoftheteachingoffore

7、ignandsecondlanguages.Sociolinguisticsisthestudyoftherelationshipbetweenlanguageandsociety.Psycholinguisticsisthestudyoftherelationshipbetweenlanguageandthemind.HistoricalLinguistics(历史语言学)isthestudyoflanguagechanges.Anthrop