专八人文知识复习题总结--语言学.doc

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1、专八人文知识复习题总结语言学1.      Thecoreoflinguistics:Phonetics,Phonology,Morphology,Syntax,Semantics,Pragmatics2.      ThebeginningofModernlinguistics:markedbythepublicationofF.deSaussure’sbookCourseinGeneralLinguisticsintheearly20thcentury.3.      Prescriptivevs.D

2、escriptive规定性研究与描写性研究Linguisticsisdescriptivewhiletraditionalgrammarisprescriptive.4.      Competencevs.performance语言能力与语言运用:thedistinctionwasproposedbytheAmericanlinguistN.Chomskyin1965.ThetwotermsaresimilarwithSaussure’slangueandparole.However,Saussuret

3、ookasociologicalviewoflanguageandChomskylooksatlanguagefromapsychologicalpointofview.5.      Phonetics:thestudyofthephonicmediumoflanguage;itisconcernedwithallthesoundsthatoccurintheworld’slanguages.（语音学）6.      Phonology:aimstodiscoverhowspeechsoundsinal

4、anguageformpatternsandhowthesesoundsareusedtoconveymeaninginlinguisticcommunication.（音位学）7.      音位学与语音学的不同：语音学着重于语音的自然属性；音位学强调语音的社会功能。8.      Morphology:referstothestudyoftheinternalstructureofwords,andtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.（形态学）9.      Morpheme:

5、thesmallestunitintermsofrelationshipbetweenexpressionandcontent,theminimalunitofmeaning.10.  Word-formation:theprocessofwordvariationsignalinglexicalrelationships.Theyarecompoundandderivation.11.  Transformational-Generativegrammar:proposedbyChomskyin1957

6、(转换生成语法)12.  hyponymy上下义关系，指一种意义包含关系，一个上义词一般会有许多下义词，比如flower与violet的关系即上下义关系。13.  antonymy反义关系：(1)Gradableantonyms两者并非绝对对立，而是相对hot-cold；（2）complementaryantonyms互补，两者绝对对立，非此即彼，如dead-alive（3）relationalantonyms相反的，两个实体之间关系的相互颠倒buy-sell14.  Sociolinguistics:I

7、tisthesub-filedoflinguisticsthatstudiestherelationbetweenlanguageandsociety,betweentheusesoflanguageandthesocialstructuresinwhichtheusersoflanguagelive.社会语言学15.  Sapir-whorfhypothesis萨皮尔伍尔夫假说:accordingtoEdwardSapirandBenjaminWhorf,languagefilterspeople’sp

8、erceptionandthewaytheycategorizeexperiences.此假说认为语言决定或影响人的思维方式和行为。16.  acquisition（习得）:itisaprocesssimilartothewaychildrenacquiretheirfirstlanguage,anditisasubconsciousprocesswithoutminutelearningofgrammaticalrules.