Opportunity costs 机会成本讲座ppt课件.ppt

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1、OpportunitycostsScarcityEconomicsisthestudyofhowindividualsandeconomiesdealwiththefundamentalproblemofscarcity.Asaresultofscarcity,individualsandsocietiesmustmakechoicesamongcompetingalternatives.OpportunityCostTheopportunitycostofanyalternativeisdefinedasthecostofnotselectingthe"next-

2、best"alternative.Example:Supposethatyouownabuildingthatisworth$100,000todayandisexpectedtobeworth$100,000oneyearfromtoday.Iftheinterestrateis10%,whatistheopportunitycostofusingthisbuildingforoneyear?ExampleIITheopportunitycostofcollegeattendanceincludes:thecostoftuition,books,andsuppli

3、es,foregoneincome(thisisusuallythelargestcostassociatedwithcollegeattendance),andpsychiccosts.Whataboutroomandboard?ExampleIII:Opportunitycostofattendingamovie:opportunitycostofticketsopportunitycostoftimeMarginalanalysisMarginalbenefit=additionalbenefitresultingfromaone-unitincreasein

4、thelevelofanactivityMarginalcost=additionalcostassociatedwithone-unitincreaseinthelevelofanactivityNetbenefitIndividualsarenotexpectedtomaximizebenefit;noraretheyexpectedtominimizecosts.Individualsareassumedtoattempttomaximizethelevelofnetbenefit(totalbenefitminustotalcost)fromanyactiv

5、ityinwhichtheyareengaged.MarginalanalysisMB>MCexpandtheactivityMB

6、ties,marginalcostrisesastheleveloftheactivityincreases.OptimalstudytimeTheoptimalamountofstudytimeoccursatthepointatwhichMB=MCProductionpossibilitiescurveAssumptions:AfixedquantityandqualityofavailableresourcesAfixedleveloftechnologyEfficientproduction(i.e.,nounemploymentandnounderempl

7、oyment)Example:studytime4hourslefttostudyfortwoexams:economicsandcalculusOutput=gradesoneachexamFixedresources?Fixedtechnology?Nounemployednorunderemployedresources?AlternativeusesoftimeLawofdiminishingreturnsLawofdiminishingreturns:outputwillultimatelyincreasebyprogressivelysmallera