挡土墙的外文翻译

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1、RetainingwallRetainingwallsareusedtopreventretainedmaterialformassumingitsnaturalslope.Wallstructuresarecommonlyusedtosupportearth,coal,orepiles,andwater.Mostretainingstructuresareverticalornearlyso;however,iftheaangleinthecoulombearth-pressurecoefficientislargerthan90°thereisar

2、eductioninlateralpressurethatcanbeofsubstantialimportancewherethewallishighandawalltiltintothebackfillisacceptable.Retainingwallsmaybeclassifiedaccordingtohowtheyproducestability.①mechanicallyreinforcedearth——alsosometimescalleda“gravity”wall.②gravity——eitherreinforcedearth,maso

3、nry,orconcrete.③cantilever——concreteorsheet-pile④anchored——sheet-pileandcertainconfigurationsofreinforcedearth.Atpresent,tilemechanicallystabilizedearthandgravitywallsareprobablythemostused——particularforroadworkwheredeepcutsorhillsideroadlocationsrequireretainingwallstoholdthee

4、arthinplace.Thesewallseliminatetheneedforusingnaturalslopesandresultinsavingsinbothright-of-waycostsandfillrequirements.Cantileverwallsofreinforcedconcretearestillfairlycommoninurbanareasbecausetheyarelesssusceptibletovandalismandoftendonotrequireselectbackfill,typicallytheycomp

5、etewellincostswherethewallisshort(20to50minlength)andnotveryhigh(say,under4m).theyarealsowidelyusedforbasementwallsandthelikeinbuildings.Themechanicallyreinforcedearthwalloffig.23-1usestheprincipleofplacingreinforcingintothebackfillusingdevicessuchasmetalstripsandrods,geotextile

6、stripsandsheetsandgrids,orwiregrids.Thereislittleconceptualdifferenceinreinforcingsoilorconcretemasses——reinforcementcarriesthetensionstressesdevelopedbytheappliedloadsforeithermaterial.Bondstressesresistrebarpulloutinconcrete;soilreliesonfrictionstressesdevelopedbasedontheangle

7、offrictionδbetweensoilandreinforcementoracombinationoffrictionandpassiveresistancewithsoilandwiregrids.Theprincipleofreinforcedearthisnotnew.Straw,bamboorods,andsimilaralternativematerialshavelongbeenusedintechnologicallyunsophisticatedculturestoreinforcemudbricksandmudwalls.Nev

8、ertheless,inspiteofthislongusage,Frencharchitec