微观经济学中英文术语及其解释

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1、Scarcitythelimitednatureofsociety’sresourcesEconomicsthestudyofhowsocietymanagesitsscarceresourcesEfficiencythepropertyofsocietygettingthemostitcanfromitsscarceresourcesEquitythepropertyofdistributingeconomicprosperityfairlyamongthemembersofsocietyOpportunitycostwhatevermustbegivenuptoobtainsome

2、itemMarginalchangessmallincrementaladjustmentstoaplanofactionMarketeconomyaneconomythatallocatesresourcesthroughthedecentralizeddecisionsofmanyfirmsandhouseholdsastheyinteractinmarketsforgoodsandservicesMarketfailureas/tuitioninwhichamarketleftonitsownfailstoallocateresourcesefficientlyExternali

3、tytheimpactofoneperson’sactionsonthewell-beingofabystanderMarketpowertheabilityofasingleeconomicactor(orsmallgroupofactors)tohaveasubstantialinfluenceonmarketpricesProductivitythequantityofgoodsandservicesproducedfromeachhourofaworker’stimeInflationanincreaseintheoveralllevelofpricesintheeconomy

4、Philipscurveacurvethatshowstheshort-runtradeoffbetweeninflationandunemploymentBusinesscyclefluctuationsineconomicactivity，suchasemploymentandproduaionCircular-flowdiagramavisualmodeloftheeconomythatshowshowdollarsflowthroughmarketsamonghouseholdsandfirmsProductionpossibilitiesfrontieragraphthats

5、howsthecombinationsofoutputthattheeconomycanpossiblyproducegiventheavailablefactorsofproductionandtheavailableproductiontechnologyPositivestatementsclaimsthatattempttododescribetheworldasitisNormativestatementsclaimsthatattempttoprescribehowtheworldshouldbeAbsoluteadvantagethecomparisonamongprod

6、ucersofagoodaccordingtotheirproductivityOpportunitycostwhatevermustbegivenuptoobtainsomeitemComparativeadvantagethecomparisonamongproducersofagoodaccordingtotheiropportunitycostImportsgoodsproducedabroadandsolddomesticallyExportsgoodsproduceddomesticallyandsoldabroadMarketagroupofbuyersandseller

7、sofaparticulargoodorserviceCompetitivemarketamarketinwhichtherearemanybuyersandmanysellerssothateachhasanegligibleimpactonthemarketpriceQuantitydemandedtheamountofagoodthatbuyersarewillingandableto-purchaseLawofdemandtheclai