微观经济学中英文术语及其解释

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1、Scarcitythelimitednatureofsociety’sresourcesEconomicsthestudyofhowsocietymanagesitsscarceresourcesEfficiencythepropertyofsocietygettingthemostitcanfromitsscarceresourcesEquitythepropertyofdistributingeconomicprosperityfairlyamongthemembersofsocietyOpportunitycostwhatevermustbegivenuptoobtain

2、someitemMarginalchangessmallincrementaladjustmentstoaplanofactionMarketeconomyaneconomythatallocatesresourcesthroughthedecentralizeddecisionsofmanyfirmsandhouseholdsastheyinteractinmarketsforgoodsandservicesMarketfailureas/tuitioninwhichamarketleftonitsownfailstoallocateresourcesefficientlyE

3、xternalitytheimpactofoneperson’sactionsonthewell-beingofabystanderMarketpowertheabilityofasingleeconomicactor(orsmallgroupofactors)tohaveasubstantialinfluenceonmarketpricesProductivitythequantityofgoodsandservicesproducedfromeachhourofaworker’stimeInflationanincreaseintheoveralllevelofprices

4、intheeconomyPhilipscurveacurvethatshowstheshort-runtradeoffbetweeninflationandunemploymentBusinesscyclefluctuationsineconomicactivity，suchasemploymentandproduaionCircular-flowdiagramavisualmodeloftheeconomythatshowshowdollarsflowthroughmarketsamonghouseholdsandfirmsProductionpossibilitiesfro

5、ntieragraphthatshowsthecombinationsofoutputthattheeconomycanpossiblyproducegiventheavailablefactorsofproductionandtheavailableproductiontechnologyPositivestatementsclaimsthatattempttododescribetheworldasitisNormativestatementsclaimsthatattempttoprescribehowtheworldshouldbeAbsoluteadvantageth

6、ecomparisonamongproducersofagoodaccordingtotheirproductivityOpportunitycostwhatevermustbegivenuptoobtainsomeitemComparativeadvantagethecomparisonamongproducersofagoodaccordingtotheiropportunitycostImportsgoodsproducedabroadandsolddomesticallyExportsgoodsproduceddomesticallyandsoldabroadMarke

7、tagroupofbuyersandsellersofaparticulargoodorserviceCompetitivemarketamarketinwhichtherearemanybuyersandmanysellerssothateachhasanegligibleimpactonthemarketpriceQuantitydemandedtheamountofagoodthatbuyersarewillingandableto-purchaseLawofdemandtheclai