微观经济学中英文术语及其解释

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1、Scarcitythelimitednatureofsociety’sresourcesEconomicsthestudyofhowsocietymanagesitsscarceresourcesEfficiencythepropertyofsocietygettingthemostitcanfromitsscarceresourcesEquitythepropertyofdistributingeconomicprosperityfairlyamongthemembersofsocietyOpportunitycostwhatevermus

2、tbegivenuptoobtainsomeitemMarginalchangessmallincrementaladjustmentstoaplanofactionMarketeconomyaneconomythatallocatesresourcesthroughthedecentralizeddecisionsofmanyfirmsandhouseholdsastheyinteractinmarketsforgoodsandservicesMarketfailureas/tuitioninwhichamarketleftonitsown

3、failstoallocateresourcesefficientlyExternalitytheimpactofoneperson’sactionsonthewell-beingofabystanderMarketpowertheabilityofasingleeconomicactor(orsmallgroupofactors)tohaveasubstantialinfluenceonmarketpricesProductivitythequantityofgoodsandservicesproducedfromeachhourofawo

4、rker’stimeInflationanincreaseintheoveralllevelofpricesintheeconomyPhilipscurveacurvethatshowstheshort-runtradeoffbetweeninflationandunemploymentBusinesscyclefluctuationsineconomicactivity，suchasemploymentandproduaionCircular-flowdiagramavisualmodeloftheeconomythatshowshowdo

5、llarsflowthroughmarketsamonghouseholdsandfirmsProductionpossibilitiesfrontieragraphthatshowsthecombinationsofoutputthattheeconomycanpossiblyproducegiventheavailablefactorsofproductionandtheavailableproductiontechnologyPositivestatementsclaimsthatattempttododescribetheworlda

6、sitisNormativestatementsclaimsthatattempttoprescribehowtheworldshouldbeAbsoluteadvantagethecomparisonamongproducersofagoodaccordingtotheirproductivityOpportunitycostwhatevermustbegivenuptoobtainsomeitemComparativeadvantagethecomparisonamongproducersofagoodaccordingtotheirop

7、portunitycostImportsgoodsproducedabroadandsolddomesticallyExportsgoodsproduceddomesticallyandsoldabroadMarketagroupofbuyersandsellersofaparticulargoodorserviceCompetitivemarketamarketinwhichtherearemanybuyersandmanysellerssothateachhasanegligibleimpactonthemarketpriceQuanti

8、tydemandedtheamountofagoodthatbuyersarewillingandableto-purchaseLawofdemandtheclai