2014年职称英语讲义.doc

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一、职称英语考试题型与考试答题技巧第1部分：词汇选项(第1～15题，每题1分，共15分)本部分为15个句子，每个句子中均有1个词或短语划有底横线，要求应试者从每个句子后面所给的4个选项中选择1个与划线部分意义最相近的词或短语。2013年职称英语考试出题思路：只从考试用书中出2~3个小题，其余都是从书外出的。一条线只画一个词的占90%以上，偶尔有一条线画二个词或三个词的。2014年职称英语考试答题方法与技巧：会的可直接就选；不会的要马上查字典，要查“英英（同义词）”部分。一定要掌握好方法与技巧，确保15分全部拿到。第2部分：阅读判断(第16～22题，每题1分，共7分)本部分为1篇300～450词的短文，2013年职称英语考试出题思路：此部分不从书中出题，因此不要硬背书中内容。短文后有七个句子，需要判断是A正确、B错误，还是C没有提到。2014年职称英语考试答题方法与技巧：先不要看短文，要先快速浏览（短文后的）七个小题，先画出“信息词更加明显的题”。按“信息词”快速回到短文，找到对应位置再加以判断。第3部分：概括大意与完成句子(第23～30题，每题1分，共8分)本部分为1篇300---450词的短文，2013年职称英语考试出题思路：分为两部分，（1）概括大意：此部分不从书中出题，因此不要硬背书中内容。从短文后的方框中A—F六项里选出一项来概括所要求的段落。（2）完成句子：此部分也不从书中出题，因此也不要硬背书中的内容。从短文后的方框中A—F六项里选出一项来接准5—8小题的尾部来完成句子。2014年职称英语考试答题方法与技巧：分为两部分，（1）概括大意：先看A—F六项后概括所要求的段落，重点盯住段落的第一句或第二句，或最后一句。（2）完成句子：有三种方法来做此题，（a）先看5-8题的结尾部分，根据要求来选A—F的选项。（b）按照上（5-8题）与下（A—F选项）相通相顺来选。（c）将5-8题回归到原文中理解后，再选A—F项。第4部分；阅读理解(第31～45题，每题3分，共45分)本部分为3篇文章，每篇300～450词，每篇文章后有5道题。要求应试者根据文章的内容，从每题所给的4个选项中选择1个最佳答案。2013年职称英语考试出题思路：从指定用书中出一篇，此分数一定要拿到。从书外出两篇，难度低于书中短文。2014年职称英语考试答题方法与技巧：（1）从指定用书中出的一篇，以精讲班和冲刺班所讲的内容为主，该分数一定要全部拿到。（2）从书外出的两篇，要采取“查读法”来做，即：先看短文后的五个问题，画出“信息词”，快速按“信息词”找到位置再按要求作题。第5部分：补全短文(第46～50题，每题2分，共10分)本部分为1篇300～450词的短文，文中有5处空白，文章后面有6组文字，其中5组取自文章本身。要求应试者根据文章的内容选择5组文字，将其放回相应位置，以恢复文章原貌。2013年职称英语考试出题思路：此部分不从书中出题，因此不要硬背书中内容。短文中有五条线，也就是缺少五个句子。短文后有A—F六个选项，从中选出适合填补到短文中五条线上的选项。2014年职称英语考试答题方法与技巧：技巧性非常高，一定要按照精讲班所讲的内容进行归纳总结，按先易后难来作题。第6部分：完形填空(第51～65题，每题1分，共15分)本部分为1篇300～450词的短文，文中有15处空白，每处空白给出4个选项，要求应试者根据短文的内容从4个选项中选择1个最佳答案。2013年职称英语考试出题思路：从书中出一篇。2014年职称英语考试答题方法与技巧：（1）有些英语基础的同志，可按方法与技巧进行，即先看空白处的“左”和“右”，根据要求再进行选项。（2）基础特别薄弱的同志只好将15篇的空白处与对应选项提早都背下来，以确保15分全部拿到。二、做题技巧和要求概述词汇选项（12分）1．Therewassomethingpeculiarinthewayhesmiles.A．differentB．wrongC．strangeD．funny2．Ihavelittleinformationasregardsherfitnessforthepost.A．atB．withC．aboutD．from3．Shecameacrossthreechildrensleepingunderabridge.A．foundbychanceB．passedbyC．tookanoticeofD．wokeup19 4．Therulesaretoorigidtoallowforhumaneerror.A．generalB．complexC．directD．inflexible5．Itseemsincrediblethathehadbeenthereaweekalready.A．unbelievableB．rightC．obviousD．unclear6．Shegetsaggressivewhensheisdrunk.A．worriedB．sleepyC．anxiousD．offensive7．Rumorsbegantocirculateabouthisfinancialproblems.A．sendB．hearC．spreadD．confirm8．Asapolitician,heknowshowtomanipulatepublicopinion.A．expressB．influenceC．divideD．voice9．Theseanimalsmigratesouthannuallyinsearchoffood.A．exploreB．travelC．inhabitD．prefer10．Hewastemptedbythehighsalaryofferedbythecompany.A．taughtB．keptC．changedD．attracted11．Thepolicewillneedtokeepawaryeyeonthisareaoftown.A．cautiousB．nakedC．blindD．private12．Makesurethetableissecurelyanchored.A．repairedB．clearedC．bookedD．fixed13．Comeout,orI’llbustthedoordown.A．shutB．breakC．setD．beat14．Thecontractbetweenthetwocompanieswillexpiresoon.A．shortenB．startC．endD．resume15．Hepaused,waitingforhertodigesttheinformation.A．understandB．withholdC．exchangeD．contact阅读判断（3分）常见连词1.结构词（连接词，介词等）1)并列递进and 和；又；及either...or…或者…或者…neither…nor…既不…也不…besides在…旁边；除了inaddition另外stillthen就在那时also也suchas…象…一样inotherwords换句话说aswell 也，此外likewise也，而且thismeans这意味着notonly…butalso不但…而且thesame…as 和…一样similar相似的like象…such如此even甚至，更furthermore 更19 2) 转折 but但是however但是though尽管although尽管whereas然而while/nevertheless 然而not…but不是…而是despite不管inspiteof不管unlike不象unfortunately不幸地ontheotherhand另一方面instead(of)代替rather(than)不是…而是conversely相反地unless 除非nomatterhow/what/where/who无论怎样/什么/在哪里/谁3)比较while然而onthecontraryto相反地incontrast相反preferAtoB宁愿选A而不选Bthemore…themore越…越…as…as 和…一样notso/as…as不和…一样more/lessthan 多/少于inferiorto比…低级（次）superiorto比…高级（好）4)原因because(of) 因为，由于as因为，由于since因为asaresultof 因为，由于dueto 由于forthereason因为，由于thanksto 由于5)结果asaresult结果…so 因此Consequently结果so(such)…that如此…以至于Thus,therefore 因此6)列举first(ly) 首先19 second(ly) 其次third(ly)再次finally最后onefactor(problem,means,feature)一个因素（问题，方法，特色）another…另一个…themost…最…的WideWorldofRobotsEngineerswhobuildandprogramrobotshavefascinatingjobs.Theseresearcherstinker（修补）withmachinesinthelabandwritecomputersoftwaretocontrolthesedevices.“They'rethebesttoysoutthere,”saysHowieChosetatCarnegieMellonUniversityinPittsburgh.Chosetisarobotics,apersonwhodesigns,buildsorprogramsrobots.WhenChosetwasakid,hewasinterestedinanythingthatmoved-cars,trains,animals.HeputmotorsonTinkertoycarstomakethemmove.Later,inhighschool,hebuiltmobilerobotssimilartosmallcars.Hopingtocontinueworkingonrobots,hestudiedcomputerscienceincollege.ButwhenhegottograduateschoolattheCaliforniaInstituteofTechnologyinPasadena,Choset'slabmateswereworkingonsomethingevencoolerthanremotelycontrolledcars:roboticsnakes.Somerobotscanmoveonlyforward,backward,leftandright.Butsnakescantwist（扭曲）inmanydirectionsandtraveloveralotofdifferenttypesofterrain（地形）.“Snakesarefarmoreinterestingthanthecars,”Chosetconcluded.AfterhestartedworkingatCarnegieMellon,Chosetandhiscolleaguestherebegandevelopingtheirownsnakerobots.Choset'steamprogrammedrobotstoperformthesamemovementsasrealsnakes,suchasslidingandinchingforward.Therobotsalsomovedinwaysthatsnakesusuallydon't,suchasrolling.Choset'ssnakerobotscouldcrawl（爬行）throughthegrass,swiminapondandevenclimbaflagpole.ButChosetwonderedifhissnakesmightbeusefulformedicineaswell.Forsomeheartsurgeries,thedoctorhastoopenapatient'schest,cuttingthroughthebreastbone.Recoveringfromthesesurgeriescanbeverypainful.Whatifthedoctorcouldperformtheoperationbyinsteadmakingasmallholeinthebodyandsendinginathinroboticsnake?ChosetteamedupwithMarcoZenati,aheartsurgeonnowatHarvardMedicalSchool,toinvestigatetheidea.Zenatipracticedusingtherobotonaplasticmodelofthechestandthentestedtherobotinpigs.AcompanycalledMedroboticsinBostonisnowadaptingthetechnologyforsurgeriesonpeople.Evenafter15yearsofworkingwithhisteam'screations,“Istilldon'tgetboredofwatchingthemotionofmyrobots,”Chosetsays.16．Chosetbegantobuildrobotsinhighschool.A．RightB．WrongC．Notmentioned17．Snakerobotscouldmoveinonlyfourdirections.A．RightB．WrongC．Notmentioned18．Chosetdidn'tbegindevelopinghisownsnakerobotsuntilhestartedworkingatCarnegieMellon.A．RightB．WrongC．Notmentioned19．Choset'ssnakerobotscouldmakemoremovementsthantheonesothersdeveloped.A．RightB．WrongC．Notmentioned20．Theapplicationofathinroboticsnakemakesheartsurgerieslesstime-consuming.A．RightB．WrongC．Notmentioned21．Zenatitestedtherobotonpeopleafterusingitinpigs.A．RightB．WrongC．Notmentioned22．TherobotictechnologyforsurgeriesonpeoplehasbroughtahandsomeprofittoMedrobotics.A．RightB．WrongC．NotmentionedKickingtheHabitWhatisabadhabit?Themostcommondefinitionisthatitissomethingthatwedoregularly,almostwithoutthinkingaboutit,andwhichhassomesortofnegativeconsequence.Thisconsequencecouldaffectthosearoundus,oritcouldaffectuspersonally.Thosewhodenyhavingbadhabitsareprobablylying.Badhabitsarepartofwhatmakesushuman.Manyearlyhabits,likesuckingourthumb,arebrokenwhenweareveryyoung.Weareeithertoldtostopdoingitbyourparents,orweconsciouslyorsubconsciouslyobservethatothersdonothavethesamehabit,andwegraduallygrow19 outofit.Itiswhenweintentionallyorunintentionallypickupnewhabitsinourlaterchildhoodorearlyadulthoodthatitbecomesaproblem.Unlesswecanbreakthathabitearlyon,itbecomes“programmed”intoourbrain.Arecentstudyofhumanmemorysuggeststhatnomatterhowhardwetrytochangeourhabits,itistheoldwaysthattendtowin,especiallyinsituationswherewearerushed,stressedoroverworked.Habitsthatwethoughtwehadgotridofcansuddenlycomeback.Duringthestudyprogramme,theresearchersshowedagroupofvolunteersseveralpictures,andgavethemwordstoassociatewiththem.Theythenshowedthevolunteersthesamepicturesagain,andgavethemnewwordstoassociatewiththem.Afewdayslater,thevolunteersweregivenatest.Theresearchersshowedthemthepictures,andtoldthemtorespondwithoneofthewordstheyhadbeengivenforeachone.Itcameasnosurprisethattheiranswersweresplitbetweenthefirstsetofwordsandthesecond.Twoweekslater,theyweregiventhesametestagain.Thistime,mostofthemonlygavethefirstsetofwords.Theyappearedtohavecompletelyforgottenthesecondset.Thestudyconfirmsthattheresponseswelearnfirstarethosethatremainstrongestovertime.Wemaytrytochangeourways,butafterawhile,theresponsethatcomestomindfirstisusuallythefirstonewelearned.Themorethatresponseisused,themoreautomaticitbecomesandtheharderitbecomestorespondinanyotherway.Thestudythereforesuggeststhatovertime,ourbadhabitsalsobecomeautomatic,learnedbehaviour.Thisisnotgoodnewsforpeoplewhopickedupbadhabitsearlyinlifeandnowwanttochangeorbreakthem.Evenwhenwetrytoputnew,goodintentionsintopractice,thosepreviouslylearnedhabitsremainstrongerinmoreautomatic,unconsciousformsofmemory.16．Boysusuallydevelopbadhabitswhentheyareveryyoung.A．RightB．WrongC．notmentioned17．Wecanonlybreakbadhabitsifotherstellustodoso.A．RightB．WrongC．notmentioned18．Badhabitsmayresumewhenweareunderpressure.A．RightB．WrongC．notmentioned19．Researchersweresurprisedbytheanswersthatthevolunteersgaveinthefirsttest.A．RightB．WrongC．notmentioned20．Thevolunteersfoundthetestmoredifficultwhentheydiditthesecondtime.A．RightB．WrongC．notmentioned21．Thestudysuggeststhatitismoredifficulttorespondtowhatwelearnfirst.A．RightB．WrongC．notmentioned22．Ifwedevelopbadhabitsearlyinlife,theyarehardertogetridof.A．RightB．WrongC．NotmentionedPromisingResultsfromCancerStudyAnewexperimentalvaccine（疫苗）hasshownpromisingresultsinthefightagainstlungcancer.InasmallTexas-basedstudy,avaccinedevelopedbyscientistsatBaylorUniversityMedicalCentreinDallas,USA,curedlungcancerinsomepatientsandslowedtheprogressofthediseaseinothers.Researchershavereportedencouragingfindingsfromthissmallstudy.Forty-threepatientssufferingfromlungcancerwereinvolvedinthesetrials.Tenofthesepatientswereintheearlystagesandthirty-threeintheadvancedstagesofthedisease.Theywereinjectedwiththevaccineeverytwoweeksforthreemonths,andwerecarefullymonitoredforthreeyears.Inthreeofthepatientsintheadvancedstagesofcancer,thediseasedisappearedandintheothers,itdidnotspreadforfivetotwenty-fourmonths.However,nogreatdifferencewasseeninthepatientsintheearlystagesoftheillness.Thisnewvaccineusesthepatients’ownimmunesystem.Itismadespecificallyforeachpatientandisinjectedintothearmorleg.Itstimulatesthebody'simmunesystem,whichthenrecognizesthatthecancercellsareharmful,andattacksanddestroysthem.Thevaccinecouldbeeffectiveagainstotherformsofcancer.Itoffersgreathopeforthetreatmentofcanceringeneral,althoughfurtherstudiesareneededbeforesuchtreatmentcanbewidelyused.16．Thevaccinecuredalltheparticipantsinthetrial.A．RightB．WrongC．Notmentioned17．Overfortypeopleparticipatedinthestudy.A．RightB．WrongC．Notmentioned19 18．Patientsintheearlystagesofthediseaserecoveredmorequicklyinthetrial.A．RightB．WrongC．Notmentioned19．AllthepatientswerefromDallas.A．RightB．WrongC．Notmentioned20．Everypatientwasinjectedwiththesamevaccine.A．RightB．WrongC．Notmentioned21．Thevaccineactivatestheimmunesystem.A．RightB．WrongC．Notmentioned22．Thevaccinemaybeusefulfortreatingothercancers.A．RightB．WrongC．NotmentionedNewUnderstandingofNaturalSilk’sMysteriesNaturalsilk,asweallknow,hasastrengththatman-madematerialshavelongstruggledtomatch.InadiscoverythatsoundsmorelikeanancientChineseproverbthanamaterialssciencebreakthrough,MITresearchershavediscoveredthatsilkgetsitsstrengthfromitsweakness.Or,morespecifically,itsmanyweaknesses.Silkgetsitsextraordinarydurabilityandductility（柔韧性）fromanunusualarrangementofhydrogenbondsthatareintrinsicallyveryweakbutthatworktogethertocreateastrong,flexiblestructure.Mostmaterials—especiallytheonesweengineerforstrength—gettheirtoughnessfrombrittleness.Assuch,naturalsilkslikethoseproducedbyspidershavelongfascinatedbothbiologistsandengineersbecauseoftheirlightweight,ductilityandhighstrength(poundforpound,silkisstrongerthansteelandfarlessbrittle).Butonitsface,itdoesn'tseemthatsilksshouldbeasstrongastheyare;molecularly,theyareheldtogetherbyhydrogenbonds,whicharefarweakerthanthecovalent（共价的）bondsfoundinothermolecules.Togetabetterunderstandingofhowsilkmanagestoproducesuchstrengththroughsuchweakbonds,theMITteamcreatedasetofcomputermodelsthatallowedthemtoobservethewaysilkbehavesattheatomiclevel.Theyfoundthatthearrangementofthetinysilknanocrystals（纳米晶体）issuchthatthehydrogenbondsareabletoworkcooperatively,reinforcingoneanotheragainstexternalforcesandfailingslowlywhentheydofail,soasnotsoallowasuddenfracturetospreadacrossasilkstructure.Theresultisnaturalsilksthatcanstretchandbendwhileretainingahighdegreeofstrength.Butwhilethat'sallwellandgoodforspiders,beesandthelike,thisunderstandingofsilkgeometrycouldleadtonewmaterialsthatarestrongerandmoreductilethanthosewecancurrentlymanufacture.Ourbestandstrongestmaterialsaregenerallyexpensiveanddifficulttoproduce(requiringhightemperaturetreatmentsorenergy-intensiveprocesses).Bylookingtosilkasamodel,researcherscouldpotentiallydevisenewmanufacturingmethodsthatrelyoninexpensivematerialsandweakbondstocreatelessrigid,moreforgivingmaterialsthatarenonethelessstrongerthananythingcurrentlyonoffer.Andifyouthoughtyouweregoingtogetoutofthismaterialssciencestorywithouthearingaboutcarbonnanotubes（纳米碳管）,thinkagain.TheMITteamisalreadyinthelablookingintowaysofsynthesizingsilk-likestructuresoutofmaterialsthatarestrongerthannaturalsilk—likecarbonnanotubes.Super-silksareonthehorizon.16．MITresearcherscarryoutthestudytoillustrateanancientChineseproverb.A．RightB．WrongC．Notmentioned17．Silk’sstrengthcomesfromitsweakhydrogenbondsworkingtogether.A．RightB．WrongC．Notmentioned18．Biologistsandengineersareinterestedinunderstandingnaturalsilksbecausetheyareverylightandbrittle.A．RightB．WrongC．Notmentioned19．Ifthehydrogenbondsbreakduetoexternalforces,theybreakfast.A．RightB．WrongC．Notmentioned20．TheMITteamhadtrieddifferentmaterialsbeforetheystudiesnaturalsilkintheresearch.A．RightB．WrongC．Notmentioned21．Carbonnanotubesarecurrentlythemostpopulartopicinmaterialsscience.A．RightB．WrongC．Notmentioned22．Itisindicatedthatmaterialsstrongerthannaturalsilkcanbeexpectedinthefuture.19 A．RightB．WrongC．Notmentioned概括大意与完成句子（3分）Ecosystem1、Theword"ecosystem"isshortforecological（生态的）system.Anecosystemiswherelivingcreaturesexpandwithinagivenarea.Youcansaythatanecosystemisthenaturalenvironmentwherebiologicalorganisms（生物）suchasplants,animalsandhumansco-existinthisworld.Sonaturallythatincludesyouandme.Yes,weareallmembersofanecosystem!2、Therearedifferentkindsofecosystemsdependingonthetypeofsurfaceorenvironment.Mostarenaturallymadesuchastheoceanorlakeandthedesertorrainforest.Someareman-madeorartificialtoencourageco-habitation（兴居）betweenlivingandnon-livingthingsinamonitoredenvironment,suchasazooorgarden.3、Plantsmakeupthebiggestgroupofbiologicalcreatureswithinanecosystem,andthat'sbecausetheyarethenaturalfoodproducersforeveryone.Plantsraisedintheearthneedairandcollectsunlighttohelpthemgrow.Whentheygrow,theplantsanditsfruitsorflowerseventuallybecomeasourceoffoodtoanimals,microorganisms（微生物）andevenhumans,ofcourse.Foodisthenconvertedtoenergyfortherestofustofunction,andthishappensinanever-endingcycleuntilthelivingcreaturesdieandbreakupbackintheearth.4、Ecosystemsarethebasisofsurvivalforalllivingthings.Wedependonplantsandanimalsforfood.Inorderforustoexist,weneedtogrowandcareaboutotherorganisms.Wealsoneedtocareforthenon-livingthingswithinourenvironmentlikeourairandwatersowecancontinuelivingasapopulation.Sinceplants,animalsandhumansareallofvariousspecies（物种）,weallplayaroleinmaintainingtheecosystem.5、Topreserveourecosystems,weshouldstopusingtoomuchenergy,whichhappenswhenweconsumemorethanourshareofresources.Humansshouldnotdisturbthenaturalhabitat（栖息地）ofplantsandanimals,andallowthemtogrowhealthilyforthecycletocontinue.Toomanypeopleinahabitatcanmeandisplacement（搬迁）:imaginebeingthrownoutofyourhomebecausethereisnomorespaceforeveryone.Worse,overpopulationcanalsoruintheenvironmentandcausedestructionofexistingplantsandanimals. 23．Paragraph224．Paragraph325．Paragraph426．Paragraph5A．Whatcanwedotohelpprotectecosystems?B．Whataredifferenttypesofecosystems?C．Whatisanecosystem?D．Whatdestroysecosystems?E．Howdoesanecosystemwork?F．Whyareecosystemsimportant?27．Inanecosystem,plants,animalsandhumanslivetogetherin.28．Plantsareessentialinanecosystembecausetootherlivingcreaturestheyare29．Plants,animalsandhumansarealleffectivein.30．Toprotectourecosystemsweshouldnotusemorethan.A．ourshareofresourcesB．abiologicalcreatureC．agivenareaD．themaintenanceoftheecosystemE．thesourceoffoodF．variousspeciesPedestriansOnly1、Theconceptoftraffic-freeshoppingareasgoesbackalongtime.DuringtheMiddleAges,traffic-freeshoppingareaswerebuiltinMiddleEasterncountriestoallowpeopletoshopincomfortand,moreimportantly,safely.Asfarbackas2,000yearsago,roadtrafficwasbannedfromcentralRomeduringthedaytoallowforthefreemovementofthepedestrians,andwasonlyallowedinatnightwhenshopsandmarketshadclosedfortheday.Inmostothercities,however,pedestrianswereforcedtosharethestreetswithhorses,coachesand,later,withcarsandothermotorizedvehicles.2、Themodern,traffic-freeshoppingstreetwasborninEuropeinthe1960s,whenbothcitypopulationsandcarownershipincreaserapidly.Dirtygasesfromcarsandtherisksinvolvedincrossingtheroadwerebeginningtomakeshoppinganunpleasantanddangerousexperience.Manybelievedthetimewasrightforexperimentingwithcar-freestreets,andshoppingareasseemedthebestplacetostart.3、Atfirst,therewasresistancefromshopkeepers.Theybelievedthatsuchamovewouldbebadforbusiness.Theyarguedthatpeoplewouldavoidedstreetsiftheywereunabletogettothemintheircars.WhenthefirststreetsinEuropewere19 closedtotraffic,therewereevennoisydemonstrations,asmanyshopkeeperspredictedtheywouldlosecustomers.4、However,researchcarriedoutafterwardsinseveralEuropeancitiesrevealedsomeunexpectedstatistics.InMunich,CologneandHamburg,visitorstoshoppingareasincreasedby50percent.OnCopenhagen’smainshoppingstreet,shopkeepersreportedsalesincreasesof25-40percent.ShopkeepersinMinneapolis,theUSA,weresoimpressedwhentheylearntthisthattheyevenofferedtopayfortheconstructionandmaintenancecostsoftheirowntraffic-freestreets.5、Withthearrivalofthetraffic-freestreets,manyshops,especiallythosesellingthingslikeclothes,foodandsmallerluxuryitems,prospered.Unfortunately,itisn’tgoodnewsforeveryone,asshopssellingfurnitureandlargerelectricalapplianceswhoactuallysawtheirsalesdrop.Manyofthesewereforcedtomoveelsewhere,awayfromthecitycentre.23．Paragraph124．Paragraph225．Paragraph326．Paragraph4A．FacingprotestfromshopownersB．AnexperimentthatwentwrongC．IncreaseinsalesandcustomersD．PopularityofonlineshoppingE．AneedforchangeF．Anideafromancienthistory27．Traffic-freeshoppingstreetsfirstdevelopedin.28．Inthe1960s,dirtygasesfromcarsmadeshopping.29．Shopkeepersmistakenlybelievedthatcar-freestreetswouldkeepaway.30．Thearrivalofthetraffic-freeshoppingstreetmademanylosttheirbusiness.A．furnituresellersB．abadexperienceC．MiddleEasterncountriesD．customersE．NorthAmericaF．pedestriansMusicUsedAsHealingTherapy1、Musichaslongbeenusedtotreatpatientssufferingfromdifferentproblems.In400BC,itshealingpropertiesweredocumentedbytheancientGreeks.Morerecently,inbothworldwarsinthelastcentury,medicalworkersusedmusictherapy（疗法）withpeoplesufferingfromtrauma（外伤）.Currently,itisusedasatreatmentformanydiseases,suchascancer,andithasalsobeenusedwithpatientswithlong-termpainandlearningdisabilities.2、Thereisgrowingevidencethatmusiccancausephysicalchangestothebodywhichcanimproveourhealth.IntheWelcomeTruststudy,whichtookplaceoverthreeyearsattheChelseaandWestminsterhospitalinLondon,patientswereaskedtolistentomusicalperformances.Asaresult,itwasfoundthatstresslevelsweresignificantlyreduced,recoverytimeswereimproved,andfewerdrugswereneeded.3、Theseverypositiveresultsarepartlyduetogeneralwell-being（良好的健康状况）.Itisalreadyacceptedthatwhenpeoplefeelhappyandhaveapositiveapproachtolife,theyaremorelikelytofeelbetterandrecoverfromdiseasequickly.Musicincreasesthisfeelingofjoyandaddstotherecoveryprocess.4、However,notallthesebenefitscanbeattributedtoanincreaseingeneralwell-being.Musichasothereffectswhichhavenotyetbeenunderstood.AccordingtoProfessorRobertson,ascientistandmusician,someeffectsofmusicaremysteriousandare,therefore,beinginvestigatedfurther,ithasbeensuggestedthatthesoundsandrhythmsofmusichelpstimulatethebrainandsendelectricalmessagestothemuscles.5、Science,however,demandsfactsandhardevidence.Manyinthemedicalprofessionhavenotyetrecognizedthehealingbenefitsofmusic,sincereportshavebeenbasedmainlyonvariousstoriesofevidence.Thesenewstudiescouldprovideprooftodoctorsthatmusicisasuitabletreatmentformanyconditions.Onedaydoctorsmayeven"prescribe"（开处方）music,butthatcouldbealongtimeinthefuture.23．Paragraph124．Paragraph225．Paragraph326．Paragraph4A．PotentialdangersofmusictherapyB．Increaseingeneralwell-beingC．HistoryofmusictherapyD．Othermysteriouseffectsofmusic19 E．PositivephysicalchangescausedbymusicF．Musicandyourbody27．Researchershavefoundthatpatients'stresslevelsdecreasewhenthey28．Musiccantreatpatientspartlybecause29．Thosewhoalwayslookonthebrightsideoflifearemorelikelyto30．Manydoctorsdon'tbelievethatmusiccantreatdiseasesbecauseA．recoverfromdiseasequicklyB．thereisnotenoughhardevidenceC．usetheirmindsactivelyD．itimprovesgeneralwell-beingE．listentomusicalperformancesF．itbringsmanyotherbenefitsBlackHoles1、Blackholescanbebestdescribedasasortofvacuum,suckingupeverythinginspace.Scientistshavediscoveredthatblackholescomefromanexplosionofhugestars.Starsthatareneardeathcannolongerburnduetolossoffuel,andbecauseitstemperaturecannolongercontrolthegravitational（重力的）force,hydrogenendsupputtingpressureontothestar’ssurfaceuntilitsuddenlyexplodesthencollapses.2、Blackholescomefromstarsthataremadeofhydrogen,othergasesandafewmetals.Whentheseexplodeitcanturnintoastellar-mass（恒星质量）blackhole,whichcanonlyoccurifthestarislargeenough(shouldbebiggerthanthesun)fortheexplosiontobreakitintopieces,andthegravitystartstocompacteverypieceintothetiniestparticle.Trytoseeandcompare:ifastarthat’stentimesthesizeofthesunendsupbeingablackholethat’snolongerthan70kilometers,thentheEarthwouldbecomeablackholethat’sonlyafractionofaninch!3、Objectsthatgetsuckedinablackholewillalwaysremainthere,nevertobreakfree.Butrememberthatblackholescanonlygobbleup（吞噬）objectswithinaspecificdistancetoit.It’spossibleforalargestarnearthesuntobecomeablackhole,butthesunwillcontinuetostayinplace.Orbitsdonotchangebecausethenewlyformedblackholecontainsexactlythesameamountofmassaswhenitwasastar,onlythistimeitsmassistotallycontractedthatitcanendupasnobiggerthanastate.4、Sofar,astronomershavefiguredoutthatblackholesexistbecauseofAlbertEinstein’stheoryofrelativity.Intheend,throughnumerousstudies,theyhavediscoveredthatblackholestrulyexist.Sinceblackholestraplightanddonotgiveofflight,itisnearlyimpossibletodetectblackholesviaatelescope.Butastronomerscontinuetostudygalaxies,spaceandthesolarsystemtounderstandhowblackholesmightevolve.Itispossiblethatblackholescanexistformillionsofyears,andlatercontributetoabiggerprocessingalaxies,whichcaneventuallyleadtocreationofnewentities.Scientistsalsocreditblackholesashelpfulinlearninghowgalaxiesbegantoform.23．Paragraph124．Paragraph225．Paragraph326．Paragraph4A．Isthereproofthatblackholesreallyexist?B．Whataredifferenttypesofblackholes?C．Howareblackholesformed?D．Howwereblackholesnamed?E．Whathappenstotheobjectsaroundablackhole?F．Whatareblackholesmadeof?27．Blackholesareformedafter.28．Whenalargestarexplodes,thegravitycompactseverypieceinto29．Anewlyformedblackholeandthestaritcomesfromareof30．AlbertEinstein’stheoryofrelativityhelpstoproveA．thecreationofnewentitiesB．anexplosionofhugestarsC．thetiniestparticleD．thesameamountofmassE．theexistenceofblackholesF．afractionofaninchTrafficJams—NoEndinSight1、Trafficcongestionaffectspeoplethroughouttheworld.Trafficjamscausesmogindozensofcitiesacrossboththedevelopedanddevelopingworld.IntheU.S.,commutersspendanaverageofafullworkweekeachyearsittingintraffic,19 accordingtotheTexasTransportationInstitute.Whilealternativewaysofgettingaroundareavailable,mostpeoplestillchoosetheircarsbecausetheyarelookingforconvenience,comfortandprivacy.2、Themostpromisingtechniqueforreducingcitytrafficiscalledcongestionpricing,wherebycitieschargeatolltoentercertainpartsoftownatcertaintimesofday.Intheory,ifthetollishighenough,somedriverswillcanceltheirtripsorgobybusortrain.Andinpracticeitseemstowork:Singapore,LondonandStockholmhavereducedtrafficandpollutionincitycentersthankstocongestionpricing.3、Anotherwaytoreducerushhourtrafficisforemployerstoimplementflexitime,whichletsemployeestraveltoandfromworkatoff-peaktraffictimestoavoidtherushhour.Thosewhohavetotravelduringbusytimescandotheirpartbysharingcars.Employerscanalsoallowmorestafftotelecommute(workfromhome)soastokeepmorecarsofftheroadaltogether.4、Someurbanplannersstillbelievethatthebestwaytoeasetrafficcongestionistobuildmoreroads,especiallyroadsthatcantakedriversaroundorovercrowdedcitystreets.Butsuchtechniquesdonotreallykeepcarsofftheroad;theyonlyaccommodatemoreofthem.5、Other,moreforward-thinking,plannersknowthatmoreandmoredriversandcarsaretakingtotheroadseveryday,andtheyareunwillingtoencouragemoreprivateautomobileswhenpublictransportissomuchbetterbothforpeopleandtheenvironment.Forthisreason,theAmericangovernmenthasdecidedtospendsome$7billiononhelpingtoincreasecapacityonpublictransportsystemsandupgradethemwithmoreefficienttechnologies.Butenvironmentalistscomplainthatsuchfundingistinycomparedwiththe$50billionbeingspentonroadsandbridges.23．Paragraph124．Paragraph225．Paragraph326．Paragraph4A．AglobalproblemB．ClosingcitycentrestotrafficC．PayingtogetinD．NotdoingenoughE．ChangingworkpracticeF．Asolutionwhichisnosolution27．MostAmericandriversthinkitconvenientto.28．Ifchargedhighenough,somedriversmaytoentercertainpartsoftown.29．Buildingmoreroadsisnotaneffectivewayto.30．TheU.S.governmenthasplannedtoupdatingpublictransportsystems.A．encouragemoreprivatecarsB．travelregularlyC．reducetrafficjamsD．gobybusE．drivearoundF．spendmoremoneyOrganicFood:Why?1、Europeisnowthebiggestmarketfororganicfoodintheworld,expandingby25percentayearoverthepast10years.Sowhatistheattractionoforganicfoodforsomepeople?Thereallyimportantthingisthatorganicsoundsmore“natural”.Eatingorganicisawayofdefiningoneselfasnatural,good,caring,differentfromthejunk-food-eatingmasses.2、Unlikeconventionalfarming,theorganicapproachmeansfarmingwithnaturalratherthanman-made,fertilisersandpesticides.Techniquessuchascroprotationimprovesoilqualityandhelporganicfarmerscompensatefortheabsenceofman-madechemicals.Asamethodoffoodproduction,organicis,however,inefficientinitsuseoflabourandland;thereareseverelimitstohowmuchfoodcanbeproduced.Also,theenvironmentalbenefitsofnotusingartificialfertiliseraretinycomparedwiththeamountofcarbondioxideemittedbytransportingfood.3、Organicfarmingisoftenclaimedtobesaferthanconventionalfarming.Yetstudiesintoorganicfarmingworldwidecontinuetorejectthisclaim.AnextensivereviewbytheUKFoodStandardsAgencyfoundthattherewasnostatisticallysignificantdifferencebetweenorganicandconventionalcrops.Evenwhereresultsindicatedtherewasevidenceofadifference,thereviewersfoundnosignthatthesedifferenceswouldhaveanynoticeableeffectonhealth4、Thesimplisticclaimthatorganicfoodismorenutritiousthanconventionalfoodwasalwayslikelytobemisleading.Foodisanaturalproduct,andthehealthvalueofdifferentfoodswillvaryforanumberofreasons,includingfreshness,thewaythefoodiscooked,thetypeofsoilitisgrownin,theamountofsunlightandraincropshavereceived,andsoon.Likewise,theflavourofacarrothaslesstodowithwhetheritwasfertilisedwithmanureorsomethingoutofaplasticsackthanwiththevarietyofcarrotandhowlongagoitwasdugup.5、Thenotionthatorganicfoodissaferthan“normal”foodisalsocontradictedbythefactthatmanyofourmostcommonfoodsarefullofnaturaltoxins.Asoneresearchexpertsays:“Peoplethinkthatthemorenaturalsomethingis,thebetteritis19 forthem.Thatissimplynotthecase.Infact,itistheoppositethatistrue:thecloseraplantistoitsnaturalstate,themorelikelyitisthatitwillpoisonyou.Naturallymanyplantsdonotwanttobeeaten,sowehavespent10,000yearsdevelopingagricultureandbreedingoutharmfultraitsfromcrops.”23．Paragraph124．Paragraph225．Paragraph326．Paragraph4A．FactorsthataffectfoodhealthvalueB．MainreasonforthepopularityoforganicfoodC．TestingthetasteoforganicfoodD．ResearchintowhetherorganicfoodisbetterE．NecessitytoremovehiddendangersfromfoodF．Descriptionoforganicfarming27．Techniquesoforganicfarminghelp.28．Thereisnoconvincingevidenceto.29．Theweatherconditionsduringthegrowthofcrops.30．Thecloseraplantistoitsnaturalstate,thelesssuitableitisto.A．affecttheirnutritionalcontentB．poisonyouC．improvesoilqualityD．beeatenE．showthatorganiccropsaresaferthanconventionalonesF．bespeciallytrained阅读理解（25分）AnExpensiveMistakeIstherewaterontheplanetMars?IstherelifeonMars?WasthereeverlifeonMars?ScientistsfromNASAwantedtoknowtheanswerstothesequestions.TheybuiltaspacecrafttotravelaroundMarsandgetinformation.ThespacecraftwascalledtheMarsClimateOrbiter.TheMarsClimateOrbiterleftforMarsonDecember1998.Thetriptooknineandahalfmonths.Atfirst,everythingwasfine.However,whentheOrbitergotnearMars,somethingterriblehappened.Thespacecraftdidn’tgototherightplace.ItwenttooclosetoMars.ItwastoohotfortheOrbiterthere.Thespacecraftcouldn’tfunctioncorrectly.Suddenly,itstoppedsendingmessagestoNASA．TheOrbiterwaslost.Howcouldthisterriblethinghappen?HowdidtheOrbitergetclosertoMarsthanthescientistsplanned?Finally,theyfoundtheanswer.TwoteamsofscientistsworkedtogetherontheOrbiter.OneteamwasinEngland,andoneteamwasintheUnitedStates.Thereweremanysimilaritiesinthewaytheyworked,buttherewasoneimportantdifference:Theteamsuseddifferentguidelinesformeasuringthings.TheUnitedStatesteamusedthemetricsystem（公制）.TheotherteamusedtheEnglishsystem.Becausetheyuseddifferentsystems,thescientistsmadeamathematicalmistake.TheOrbiter'sorbit(theshapeandpatternofitspath)aroundMarswasnotcorrect.ThescientistsputtheOrbiteronthewrongpath.TheOrbitergottoocloseandtoohot,anditstoppedfunctioning.Whydidn'tanybodyseethemistakebeforeitwastoolate?Manythingscontributedtotheproblem.OnethingwasthatNASAscientistsandmathematicianswereworkingontwootherspacecraftsatthesametime.Thiswasachallenge,andtheywereverytiredfromworkinglonghours.TheMarsClimateOrbitercost$94milliontobuild.ItalsocostalotofmoneytotrytofindthelostOrbiterinspace.Inaddition,NASA’sresearchonthecauseoftheproblemwasexpensive.Thiswasn'tthefirsttimethattwodifferentmeasurementsystemscausedmistakesinscientificprojects.However,theMarsClimateOrbiterwasdefinitelythemostexpensivemistakeofall!31．NASAbuilttheMarsClimateOrbitertogetinformationaboutA．thesizeofMars.B．possiblelifeonMars.C．theshapeofMars.D．theatmosphereofMars.32．HowlongdidittaketheOrbitertogetclosetoMars?A．Oneyear.B．Lessthanoneyear.C．Abouttwoandahalfyears.D．Morethanthreeyears.19 33．WhendidtheOrbiter’sproblembegin?A．RightafteritleftforMars.B．RightafteritlandedforMars.C．WhenitgotnearMars.D．WhenitreturnedtoEarth.34．WhatcausedtheOrbiter’sproblem?A．Scientistsusedwrongguidelinesofmathematics.B．Scientistsusedwrongbuildingmaterials.C．Scientistsuseddifferentoperatingsystems.D．Scientistsuseddifferentmeasurementsystems.35．Whydidn’tNASAscientistsidentifytheproblembeforetheOrbiterleftforMars?A．Theydidn’tknowtheEnglishsystem.B．Theyweresureofthesuccessofthetrip.C．Theyweretiredfromworkinglonghours.D．Theydidn’tgetenoughresearchfunding.EnergyandPublicLandsTheUnitedStatesboastssubstantialenergyresources.FederallandsprovideagooddealofU.S.energyproduction;theU.S.DepartmentoftheInteriormanagesfederalenergyleasing,bothonlandandontheoffshoreOuterContinentalShelf.Productionfromthesesourcesamountstonearly30percentoftotalannualU.S.energyproduction.In2000,32percentofU.S.oil,35percentofnaturalgas,and37percentofcoalwereproducedfromfederallands,representing20,000producingoilandgasleasesand135producingcoalleases.Federallandsarealsoestimatedtocontainapproximately68percentofallundiscoveredU.S.oilreservesand74percentofundiscoverednaturalgas.Revenuesfromfederaloil,gas,andcoalleasingprovidesignificantreturnstoU.S.taxpayersaswellasStategovernments.In1999,forexample,$553millioninoilandgasrevenueswerepaidtotheU.S.Treasury,andnon-Indiancoalleasesaccountedforover$304millioninrevenues,ofwhich50percentwerepaidtoStategovernments.Publiclandsalsoplayacriticalroleinenergydelivery.Eachyear,federallandmanagersauthorizerightsofwayfortransmissionlines,railsystems,pipelines,andotherfacilitiesrelatedtoenergyproductionanduse.Alternativeenergyproductionfromfederallandslagsbehindconventionalenergyproduction,thoughtheamountisstillsignificant.Forexample,federalgeothermalresourcesproduceabout7.5billionkilowatt-hoursofelectricityperyear,47percentofallelectricitygeneratedfromU.S.geothermalenergy.Thereare2,960windturbinesonpubliclandsinCaliforniaalone,producingelectricityforabout300,000people.Federalhydropowerfacilitiesproduceabout17percentofallhydropowerproducedintheUnitedStates.BecauseofthegrowingU.S.thirstforenergyandincreasingpublicuneasewithdependenceonforeignoilsources,pressureonthepubliclandstomeetU.S.energydemandsisintensifying.Publiclandsareavailableforenergydevelopmentonlyaftertheyhavebeenevaluatedthroughthelanduseplanningprocess.Ifdevelopmentofenergyresourcesconflictswithmanagementoruseofotherresources,developmentrestrictionsorimpactmitigationmeasuresmaybeimposed,ormineralproductionmaybebannedaltogether.31．Whatisthemainideaofthispassage?A．Publiclandsareoneofthemainsourcesofrevenues.B．Publiclandsshouldbedevelopedtoeaseenergyshortage.C．Publiclandsplayanimportantroleinenergyproduction.D．Publiclandsstorehugeenergyresourcesforfurtherdevelopment..32．WhichofthefollowingstatementsistrueofpubliclandsintheU.S.?A．HalfofU.S.energyisproducedthere.B．Mostofcoalwasproducedfromtherein2000.C．Mostenergyresourcesarereservedthere.D．Themajorityofundiscoverednaturalgasisstoredthere.33．Geothermalresources,windturbines,andhydropowerfacilitiesinParagraph4arecitedasexamplestoillustratethatA．alternativeenergyproductionisnolessthanconventionalenergyproduction.B．theyarethemosttypicalconventionalenergyresourcesfrompubliclands.C．geothermalresourcesaremoreimportantthantheothertwo.D．theamountofalternativeenergyproductionfrompubliclandsishuge.34．ThereisamountingpressureonpubliclandstosatisfyUSenergydemandsbecauseA．manyAmericansareunhappywithenergydevelopmentinforeigncountries.B．theUSisdemandingmoreandmoreenergy.C．quiteafewpubliclandsarebannedforenergydevelopment.D．manyAmericansthinkpubliclandsarebeingabused.35．Publiclandscanbeusedforenergydevelopmentwhen19 A．theygothroughthelanduseplanningprocess.B．energydevelopmentrestrictionsareeffective.C．federallandmanagersgrantpermissions.D．thereisenoughfederalbudget.OperationMigrationIfyoulookupattheskyintheearlyfallinthenorthernpartofNorthAmerica,youmayseegroupsofbirds.Thesebirdsareflyingsouthtoplaceswheretheycanfindfoodandwarmthforthewinter.Theyaremigrating（迁徙）.Theyoungbirdsusuallylearntomigratefromtheirparents.Theyfollowtheirparentssouth,inoneunusualcase,however,theyoungbirdsarefollowingsomethingverydifferent.Thesebirdsareyoungwhoopingcranes,andtheyarefollowinganairplane!TheyoungwhoopingcraneisthelargestbirdthatisnativetoNorthAmerica.Thesebirdsalmostdisappearedinthe1800s.By1941,therewereonlyabout20cranesalive.Inthe1970s,peoplewereworriedthatthesecreatureswereindangerofdisappearingcompletely.Asaresult,theUnitedStatesidentifiedwhoopingcranesasanendangeredspeciesthattheyneededtoprotect.Someresearcherstriedtohelp.Theybegantobreedwhoopingcranesinspecialparkstoincreasethenumberofbirds.Thisplanwassuccessful.Therewerealotofnewbabybirds.Asthebirdsbecameolder,theresearcherswantedtoreturnthemtonature.However,therewasaproblem:Theseyoungbirdsdidnotknowhowtomigrate.Theyneededhumanhelp.In2001,somepeoplehadacreativeIdea.TheyformedanorganizationcalledOperationMigration.Thisgroupdecidedtouseverylightairplanes,insteadofbirds,toleadtheyoungwhoopingcranesontheirfirsttripsouth.Theypaintedeachairplanetolooklikeawhoopingcrane.Eventhepilotsworespecialclothingtomakethemlooklikecranes.Thecranesbegantotrusttheairplanes,andtheplanworked.Today,planesstillleadbirdsacrossapproximately1,200miles(1,931kilometers),fromtheUnitedStates-CanadianbordertotheGulfofMexico.Theyleavethebirdsatdifferentsites.Ifatripissuccessful,thebirdscantravelontheirowninthefuture.Then,whenthesebirdsbecomeparents,theywillteachtheiryoungtomigrate.ThepeopleofOperationMigrationthinkthisistheonlywaytomaintainthewhoopingcranepopulation.OperationMigrationworkswithseveralotherorganizationsandgovernmentinstitutes.Together,theyassisthundredsofcraneseachyear.However,someexpertspredictthatsoon,thiswon’tbenecessary.ThankstoOperationMigrationanditspartners,thecranepopulationwillcontinuetomigrate.Hopefully,theywon’tneedhumanhelpanymore.41．WhoppingcranesmigrateinwintertoA．raisebabywhoopingcranes.B．gethumanhelp.C．findwarmthandfood.D．layeggs.42．WhoppingcranesarenativetoA．Mexico.B．SouthAmerica.C．thePersianGulfD．NorthAmerica.43．OperationMigrationaimstoA．leadyoungcranesontheirfirsttripsouth.B．teachadultcraneshowtofly.C．breedcranesinspecialparks.D．transportcranestotheNorth.44．ThedistancecoveredbytheyoungwhoopingcranesontheirtripsouthisA．1,200miles.B．120milesC．1,931milesD．2,000miles45．IfOperationMigrationissuccessful,whoopingcraneswillA．followairplanessoutheveryyear.B．learntomigrateontheirown.C．liveinCanadaallyearround.D．beunabletoflyback.TheWorld’sBest-SellingMedicineSinceancienttimes,peopleallovertheworldhaveusedwillowtostoppain.Thewillowtreecontainssalicylicacid（水杨酸）.Thisstopspain,butthereisoneproblem.Salicylicacidalsohurtsthestomach.In1853,aFrenchscientistmadeamixturefromwillowthatdidnothurtthestomach.However,hismixturewasdifficulttomake,andhedidnottryto19 produceorsellit.In1897,inGermany,FelixHoffmannalsomadeamixturewithsalicylicacid.Hetriedithimselffirstandthengaveittohisfatherbecausehisfatherwasoldandinalotofpain.Hisfather’spainwentaway,andthemixturedidnothurthisstomach.HoffmannworkedforBayer,aGermancompany.Heshowedhisnewdrugtohismanager,whotestedthedrugandfoundthatitworkedwell.Bayerdecidedtomakethedrug.TheycalleditaspirinandputtheBayernameoneverypill.Aspirinwasanimmediatesuccess.Almosteveryonehaspainofsomekind,soaspirinansweredatrueneed.Aspirinwascheap,easytotake,andeffective,italsoloweredfevers.Aspirinwasawonderdrug.Atfirst,Bayersoldthedrugthroughdoctors,whothensoldittotheirpatients.In1915,thecompanystartedtosellaspirinindrugstores.IntheUnitedStates,Bayerhadapatentonthedrug.Othercompaniescouldmakesimilarproductsandselltheminothercountries,butonlyBayercouldmakeandsellaspirinintheUnitedStates.Intime,BayercouldnolongerownthenameaspirinintheUnitedStates.Othercompaniescouldmakeitthere,too.However,Bayeraspirinwasthemostwellknown,andformanyyears,itwasthemarketleader.Bythe1950s,newpainkillerswereonthemarket.Aspirinwasnolongertheonlywaytotreatpainandreducefever.Bayerandothercompanieslookedforotherdrugstomake.However,inthe1970stheygotasurprise.Doctorsnoticedthatpatientswhoweretakingaspirinhadfewerheartattacksthanotherpeople.ABritishresearchernamedJohnVanefoundthereasonaspirinhelpedtopreventheartattacks.In1982,hewontheNobelPrizeforhisresearch.Doctorsstartedtotellsomeoftheirpatientstotakeaspirineverydaytopreventheartattacks.Ithasmadelifebetterforthemanypeoplewhotakeit.IthasalsomadealotofmoneyforcompanieslikeBayerthatproduceandsellit!41．Whydidn'ttheFrenchscientistcontinuetomakethemedicinethatstoppedpain?A．Itdidn'tworkwell.B．Itwashardtomake.C．Ithurtthestomach.D．Itwasnotcost-effective.42．WhywasFelixHoffmannlookingforapainkiller?A．Hiscompanytoldhimtodothat.B．Hisfatherwasinpain.C．Hewantedtomakealotofmoney.D．Hesufferedfromheadache.43．BayerstartedmakingaspirinbecauseA．ithelpedpreventheartattacks.B．othercompaniesweremakingit.C．itworkedwellinstoppingpainD．themanagerwasascientist.44．BayeraspirinwasA．theonlydrugwiththename“aspirin”.B．thefirstaspirinsoldintheUnitedStates.C．notsoldindrugstoresin1915.D．noteasytofindindrugstores.45．Whathashappenedtoaspirinsincenewpainkillerscameonthemarket?A．Companieshavestoppedsellingit.B．Ithasbecomethebest-sellingpainkiller.C．Itsnewusehasbeendiscovered.D．Doctorshavesoldittopatients.OntheTrailoftheHoneyBadgersOnarecentfieldtriptotheKalahariDesert,ateamofresearcherslearntalotmoreabouthoneybadgers（獾）.Theteamemployedalocalwildlifeexpert,KitsoKhama,tohelpthemlocateandfollowthebadgersacrossthedesert.Theirmainaimwastostudythebadgers’movementsandbehaviourasdiscreetly（谨慎地）aspossible,withoutfrighteningthemawayorcausingthemtochangetheirnaturalbehaviour.Theyalsoplannedtotrapafewandstudythemcloseupbeforereleasingthem.Inviewoftheanimal’sreputation,thiswassomethingthatevenKhamawasreluctanttodo.“Theproblemwithhoneybadgersistheyarenaturallycuriousanimals,especiallywhentheyseesomethingnew,”hesays.“that,combinedwiththeirunpredictablenature,canbeadangerousmixture.Iftheysenseyouhavefood,forexample,theywon’tbeshyaboutcomingrightuptoyouforsomethingtoeat.They’reactuallyquitesociablecreaturesaroundhumans,butassoonastheyfeeltheymightbeindanger,theycanbecomeextremelyvicious（凶恶的）.Fortunatelythisisrare,butitdoeshappen.”Theresearchconfirmedmanythingsthatwerealreadyknown.Asexpected,honeybadgersateanycreaturestheycouldcatchandkill.Evenpoisonoussnakes,fearedandavoidedbymostotheranimals,werenotsafefromthem.Theresearchersweresurprised,however,bytheanimal’sfondnessforlocalmelons,probablybecauseoftheirhighwater19 content.Previouslyresearchersthoughtthattheanimalgotallofitsliquidrequirementsfromitsprey（猎物）.Theteamalsolearntthat,contrarytopreviousresearchfindings,thebadgersoccasionallyformedloosefamilygroups.Theywerealsoabletoconfirmcertainresultsfrompreviousresearch,includingthefactthatfemalebadgersneversocializedwitheachother.Followingsomeofthemalebadgerswasachallenge,sincetheycancoverlargedistancesinashortspaceoftime.Somehuntingterritoriescovermorethan500squarekilometers.Althoughtheyseemhappytosharetheseterritorieswithothermales,thereareoccasionalfightsoveranimportantfoodsource,andmalebadgerscanbeasaggressivetowardseachotherastheyaretowardsotherspecies.Asthebadgersbecameaccustomedtothepresenceofpeople,itgavetheteamthechancetogetupclosetothemwithoutbeingthesubjectoftheanimal’scuriosity—ortheirsuddenaggression.Thebadgers’eatingpatterns,whichhadbeendisrupted,returnedtonormal.Italsoallowedtheteamtoobservemorecloselysomeoftheothercreaturesthatformworkingassociationswiththehoneybadger,astheseseemstoadoptthebadgers’relaxedattitudewhennearhumans.41．WhydidthewildlifeexpertsvisittheKalahariDesert?A．Toobservehowhoneybadgersbehave.B．Tofindwherehoneybadgerslive.C．Tocatchsomehoneybadgersforfood.D．Tofindoutwhyhoneybadgershaveabadreputation.42．WhatdoesKitsoKhamasayabouthoneybadgers?A．Theyshowinterestinthingstheyarenotfamiliarwith.B．Theyarealwayslookingforfood.C．Theydonotenjoyhumancompany.D．Itiscommonforthemtoattackpeople.43．Whatdidtheteamfindoutabouthoneybadgers?A．Thereweresomecreaturestheydidnoteat.B．Theymaygetsomeofthewatertheyneededfromfruit.C．Theywereafraidofpoisonouscreatures.D．Femalebadgersdidnotmixwithmalebadgers.44．Whichofthefollowingisatypicalfeatureofmalebadgers?A．Theydon’trunveryquickly.B．Theydefendtheirterritoryfromotherbadgers.C．Theyhuntoveraverylargearea.D．Theyaremoreaggressivethanfemales45．Whathappenedwhenhoneybadgersgotusedtohumansaroundthem?A．Theylostinterestinpeople.B．Theybecamelessaggressivetowardsothercreatures.C．Theystartedeatingmore.D．Otheranimalsstartedworkingwiththem.StudentsLearnBetterWithTouchscreenDesksObservethecriticismsofnearlyanymajorpubliceducationsystemintheworld,andafewofthemanycomplaintsaremoreorlessuniversal.Technologymovesfasterthantheeducationsystem.Teachersmustteachatthepaceofthesloweststudentratherthanthefastest.And—particularlyintheUnitedStates—schoolchildrenasagroupdon’tcaremuchfor,orexcelat,mathematics.Soit’shearteningtolearnthatanewkindof“classroomofthefuture”showspromiseatmitigatingsomeoftheseproblems,startingwiththatfundamentalpieceofclassroomfurniture:thedesk.AUKstudyinvolvingroughly400students,mostlyaged8-10years,andanewgenerationofmulti-touch,multi-user,computerizeddesktopsurfacesisshowingthatoverthelastthreeyearsthetechnologyhasappreciablyboostedstudents’mathskillscomparedtopeerslearningthesamematerialviatheconventionalpaper-and-pencilmethod.How?Throughcollaboration,mostly,aswellasbygivingteachersbettertoolsbywhichtomicromanageindividualstudentswhoneedsomeextrainstructionwhileallowingtherestoftheclasstocontinuemovingforward.Traditionalinstructionstillshowsrespectableefficacy（效力）atincreasingstudentsfluencyinmathematics,essentiallythroughmemorizationandpractice—dull,repetitivepractice.Buttheresearchershaveconcludedthatthesenewtouchscreendesksboostbothfluencyandflexibility—thecriticalthinkingskillsthatallowstudentstosolvecomplexproblemsnotsimplythroughknowingformulasanddevices,butbybeingabletofigureoutwhattherealproblemisandthemosteffectivemeansofstrippingitdownandsolvingit.Onereasonforthis,theresearcherssay,isthemulti-touchaspectofthetechnology.Studentsworkinginthenext-genclassroomcanworktogetheratthesametabletop,eachofthemcontributingandengagingwiththeproblemaspartofagroup.KnownasSynergyNet,thesoftwareusescomputervisionsystemsthatseeintheinfrared（红外的）spectrumtodistinguishbetweendifferenttouchesondifferentpartsofthesurface,allowingstudentstoaccessandusetoolsonthe19 screen,moveobjectsandvisualaidsaroundontheirdesktops,andotherwisephysicallyinteractwiththenumbersandinformationontheirscreens.Byusingthesescreenscollaboratively,theresearcherssay,thestudentsaretosomeextentteachingthemselvesasthosewithastrongergraspondifficultconceptspullotherstudentsforwardalongwiththem.36．WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrueofthepubliceducationsystem?A．Itdoesnotcatchupwiththedevelopmentoftechnology.B．Teacherspaymoreattentiontofastlearnersthanslowlearners.C．Somesimilarcomplaintsaboutitareheardindifferentcountries.D．Manystudentsarenotgoodatlearningmathematics.37．Whathasbeenfoundafterthenewtechisemployed?A．Teachersareabletogiveindividualizedattentiontostudentsinneed.B．Studentsbecomelessactiveinlearningmathematics.C．Studentsshowpreferencetotheconventionalpaper-and-pencilmethod.D．Thegapbetweenslowlearnersandfastlearnersgetmorenoticeable.38．Whatisthebenefitstudentsgetfromthenewtech?A．Itmakesthemmorefluentinpublicspeech.B．Itoffersthemmoreflexibilityinchoosingcourses.C．Itiseffectiveinhelpingthemsolvephysicalproblems.D．Itenablesthemtodevelopcriticalthinkingability.39．Whathappenswhenstudentsareusingthedesktopofthenewtech?A．Everystudenthasanindividualtabletop.B．Studentsusedifferenttoolstointeractwitheachother.C．Themulti-touchfunctionstimulatesstudents.D．Thesoftwareinstalledautomaticallyidentifiesdifferentusers.40．Howdoesthenewtechworktoimprovestudents’mathematicallearning?A．Ithelpsfastlearnerstolearnfaster.B．Itmakesteachers’instructionunnecessary.C．Itenablesthemtoworktogether.D．Itallowsthewholeclasstolearnatthesamepace.MakingaLossistheHeightofFashionGiventhatagoodyearinthehautecouturebusinessisonewhereyouloseevenmoremoneythanusual,theprevailingmoodinParislastweekwasofrecession-bustingbuoyancy.Thebig-namedesignerswerefallingoverthemselvestoboastofhowmanyoutfitstheyhadsoldatbelowcostprice,andhowthisprovedthatthefashionbusinesswashealthierthanever.Jean-PaulGaultierreportedrecordsales,"butwedon'tmakeanymoneyoutofit,"thedesignerassuredjournalistsbackstage."Nomatterhowsuccessfulyouare,youcan'tmakeaprofitfromcouture,"explainedJean-JacquesPicart,aveteranfashionPRman,andco-founderofthenow-bankruptLacroixhouse.Almost20yearshavepassedsincetheAliceinWonderlandeconomicsofthecouturebusinesswerefirstexposed.Outragedthathewaslosingmoneyoneveningdressescostingtensofthousandsofpounds,thecouturierJean-LouisScherrer—tohowlsof"trahison"fromhiscolleagues-publishedadetailedsummaryofhiscosts.Oneoutfithedescribedcontainedoverhalfamileofgoldthread,18,000sequins,andhadrequiredhundredsofhoursofhand-stitchinginanatelier.Afairpricewouldhavebeen£50,000,butthecouturiercouldonlyget£35,000forit.Ratherthanridinghighonthefolliesofthesuper-rich,heandhisteamcouldbarelyfeedtheirhungryfamilies.Theresultwasanoutcryandthefirstofaseriesofgovernment-andindustry-sponsoredinquiriesintothesurrealworldofultimatefashion.Thetradecontinuestoinsistthat-relativelyspeaking-coutureoffersyoumorethanyoupayfor,butit'snotassimpleasthat.Whensuchatempleofoldwealthstartstalkingaboutvalueformoney,itisn'ttoconvinceanyonethatdressescostingasmuchashousesareabargain.Rather,itistopreservethepeculiarmystique,lucrativeassociationsandthreatenedintereststhatcouturerepresents.Essentially,theargumentscouldn'tbesimpler.Ononesidearethosewhosaythatthebusinesswilldieifitdoesn'tchange.Ontheotherarethosewhosayitwilldieifitdoes.What'snotindoubtisthathautecouture-thetermtranslatesas"highsewing"-isaspectacularanachronism.Colossalinitscosts,tinyinitsclienteleandquestionableinitsinfluence,itstillremainsoneofthegreatthemesofParisianlife.Inhisbook,TheFashionConspiracy,NicholasColeridgeestimatesthattheentirecoutureindustryrestsonthewhimsoflessthan30immenselywealthywomen,andalthoughthenumbermayhavegrowninrecentyearswiththenewprosperityofAsia,thenumberofcouturecustomersworldwideisnomorethan4,000.Toqualifyascouture,agarmentmustbeentirelyhand-madebyoneofthe11PariscouturehousesregisteredtotheChambreSyndicaledelaHauteCouture.Eachhousemustemployatleast20people,andshowaminimumof75newdesignsayear.Sofar,sostirringlytraditional,buttheBigFouroperators-Chanel,Dior,GivenchyandGaultier—increasinglyusecoutureasamarketingdevicefortheirfarmoreprofitableready-to-wear,fragranceandaccessorylines.36．Whatisthemainideaofthefirstparagraph?19 A．Thehautecouturebusinessisexpandingquickly.B．Thehautecouturedesignersclaimlossesintheirsales.C．Thehautecouturedesignersmakemuchprofitintheirsales.D．Thehautecouturebusinessmenarehappywiththeirprofit.37．Accordingtothesecondparagraph,Jean-LouisScherrerA．wasveryangryashewaslosingmoney.B．wasinaworsefinancialpositionthanothercouturier.C．wasoneofthebestknowncouturiers.D．stoppedproducinghautecouturedresses.38．ThewritersaysthattheoutfitJean-LouisScherrerdescribedA．wasworththepricethatwaspaidforit.B．costmoretomakethanitshouldhave.C．wasneversoldtoanyone.D．shouldhavecostthecustomermorethanitdid.39．Thewritersaysinparagraph4thatthereisdisagreementoverA．thehistoryofhautecouture.B．therealcostsofhautecouture.C．thefutureofhautecouture.D．thechangesthatneedtobemadeinhautecouture.40．Whatisthewriter’stonetowardshautecouturebusiness?A．Quitesupportive.B．Fairlyfriendly.C．Ratherindifferent.D．Somewhatironical.WhyDon’tBabiesTalkLikeAdults?Overthepasthalf-century,scientistshavesettledontworeasonabletheoriesrelatedtobabytalk.Onestatesthatayoungchild'sbrainneedstimetomasterlanguage,inthesamewaythatitdoestomasterotherabilitiessuchasphysicalmovement.Thesecondtheorystatesthatachild'svocabularylevelisthekeyfactor. Accordingtothistheory,somekeystepshavetooccurinalogicalsequencebeforesentenceformationoccurs.Children'smathematicalknowledgedevelopsinthesameway.In2007,researchersatHarvardUniversity,whowerestudyingthetwotheories,foundacleverwaytotestthem.Morethan20,000internationallyadoptedchildrenentertheU.S.eachyear.Manyofthemnolongerheartheirbirthlanguageaftertheyarrive,andtheymustlearnEnglishmoreorlessthesamewayinfantsdo一thatis,bylisteningandbytrialanderror.Internationaladopteesdon'ttakeclassesoruseadictionarywhentheyarelearningtheirnewtongueandmostofthemdon'thaveawell-developedfirstlanguage.AllofthesefactorsmakethemanidealpopulationinwhichtotestthesecompetinghypothesesabouthowlanguageislearnedNeuroscientistsJesseSnedeker,JoyGerenandCarissaShaftostudiedthelanguagedevelopmentof27childrenadoptedfromChinabetweentheagesoftwoandfiveyears.ThesechildrenbeganlearningEnglishatanolderagethanUSnativesandhadmorematurebrainswithwhichtotacklethetask.Evenso,justaswithAmerican-borninfants,theirfirstEnglishsentencesconsistedofsinglewordsandwerelargelybereft（缺乏的）offunctionwords,wordendingsandverbs.TheadopteesthenwentthroughthesamestagesastypicalAmerican-bornchildren,thoughatafasterclip.Theadopteesandnativechildrenstartedcombiningwordsinsentenceswhentheirvocabularyreachedthesamesizes,furthersuggestingthatwhatmattersisnothowoldyouareorhowmatureyourbrainis,butthenumberofwordsyouknow.Thisfinding一thathavingmorematurebrainsdidnothelptheadopteesavoidthetoddle-talkstage一suggeststhatbabiesspeakinbabytalknotbecausetheyhavebabybrains,butbecausetheyhaveonlyjuststartedlearningandneedtimetogainenoughvocabularytobeabletoexpandtheirconversations.Beforelong,theone-wordstagewillgivewaytothetwo-wordstageandsoon.Learninghowtochatlikeanadultisagradualprocess.Butthispotentialansweralsoraisesanevenolderandmoredifficultquestion.Adultimmigrantswholearnasecondlanguagerarelyachievethesameproficiencyinaforeignlanguageastheaveragechildraisedasanativespeaker.Researchershavelongsuspectedthereisa"criticalperiod"forlanguagedevelopment,afterwhichitcannotproceedwithfullsuccesstofluency.Yetwestilldonotunderstandthiscriticalperiodorknowwhyitends.31．Whatisthewriter'smainpurposeinParagraph2?A．Torejecttheviewthatadoptedchildrenneedtwolanguages.B．Toarguethatcultureaffectsthewaychildrenlearnalanguage.C．Togivereasonswhyadoptedchildrenwereusedinthestudy.D．Tojustifyaparticularapproachtolanguagelearning.32．SnedekertGerenandShaftobasedtheirstudyonchildrenwho19 A．werefindingitdifficulttolearnEnglish.B．werelearningEnglishatalateragethanUSchildren.C．hadcomefromanumberoflanguagebackgrounds.D．hadtakenEnglishlessonsinChina.33．Whataspectoftheadoptedchildren'slanguagedevelopmentdifferedfromthatofUS-bornchildren?A．Therateatwhichtheyacquiredlanguage.B．Theirfirstwords.C．ThewaytheylearnEnglish.D．Thepointatwhichtheystartedproducingsentences.34．WhatdoestheHarvardfindingshow?A．Notalltoddlersusebabytalk.B．Somechildrenneedmoreconversationthanothers.C．Languagelearningtakesplaceinorderedsteps.D．Notallbrainsworkinthesameway.35．Whenthewritersays"criticalperiod",hemeansaperiodwhenA．studiesproduceusefulresults.B．adultsneedtobetaughtlikechildren.C．languagelearningtakesplaceeffectively.D．immigrantswanttolearnanotherlanguage.补全短文（6分）ADoctorintheHouseBrushingyourteethtwiceadayshouldkeepthedentistaway.Butifagroupofscientificresearchershavetheirwish,itwillmaketherestofyourbodyhealthytoo.(46)ItisoneofmanygadgetsproposedbyengineersanddoctorsattheCenterforFutureHealthinNewYork—othersincludeapairofglassesthathelptojogyourmemory,andahomecameradesignedtocheckforcancer.Thedevicesseemfanciful,butthebasicprinciplesaresimple.Thegadgetsshouldmakeiteasyforpeopletodetectillnesslongbeforeitstrikesandsoseektreatmentfarearlierthannormal.(47)Inthelongrun,thetechnologymayevenpreventillnessbyencouragingustoleadhealthierlives.Intelligentbandagesareagoodexample.PowerfulsensorswithinthebandagecouldquicklyIdentifytinyamountsofbacteriainawoundanddeterminewhichantibioticswouldworkbest.(48)Socksarelongoverdueforamakeover.Inthefuturetheywillbeabletoautomaticallydetecttheamountofpressureinyourfootandalertyouwhenanulceriscomingup.Alltheprojectsshouldhavefar-reachingimplications,butthebiggestsingledevelopmentisamelanomamonitordesignedtogiveearlywarningsofcancer.systemwouldadviseyoutogetacheck-upatyourdoctor’ssurgery.(49)Ifaproblemisfound,thesystemwouldadviseyoutogetacheck-upatyourdoctor’ssurgery.Ifallthissoundstroublesome,thenhelpisathand.(50)AstandardcomputerwouldbeabletounderstandyourvoiceandanswerquestionsaboutyoursymptomsinplainEnglishandinawaywhichwouldcalmyournerves.A．Expertsarealsoworkingona‘digitaldoctor’,completewithacomfortingbedsidemanner.B．Insteadofrelyingonhi-techhospitals,theemphasisisshiftedtothehomeandeasy-to-usegadgets.C．Thecutcouldthenbetreatedinstantly,soavoidingpossiblecomplications.D．Thatisgoingtobethedifficultpart.E．Thedevicecouldbeusedtotakeapictureofyourbodyeachweek,thencompareitwithpreviousimages.F．AtoothbrushthatchecksbloodsugarandbacteriawhileyoubrushiscurrentlyindevelopmentintheUSA.TheToughGrassthatSweetensOurLivesSugarcanewasonceawildgrassthatgrewinNewGuineaandwasusedbylocalpeopleforroofingtheirhousesandfencingtheirgardens.Graduallyadifferentvarietyevolvedwhichcontainedsucroseandwaschewedonforitssweettaste.Overtime,sugarcanebecameahighlyvaluablecommercialplant,grownthroughouttheworld.(46)Sugarbecameavitalingredientinallkindsofthings,fromconfectionerytomedicine,and,asthedemandforsugargrew,theindustrybecamelargerandmoreprofitable.(47)Manycropswitheredanddied,despitegrowers’attemptstosavethem,andtherewerefearsthatthehealthoftheplantwouldcontinuetodeteriorate.Inthe1960s,scientistsworkinginBarbadoslookedforwaystomakethecommercialspeciesstrongerandmoreabletoresistdisease.Theyexperimentedwithbreedingprogrammes,mixinggenesfromthewildspeciesofsugarcane,whichtendstobetougher,withgenesfromthemoredelicate,commercialtype.(48)Thissugarcaneisnotyetreadytobesold19 commercially,butwhenthishappens,itisexpectedtobeincrediblyprofitablefortheindustry.(49)Brazil,whichproducesonequarteroftheworld'ssugar,hascoordinatedaninternationalprojectunderProfessorPauloArrudooftheUniversidadeEstaudualdeCampinasinSaoPaulo.Teamsofexpertshaveworkedwithhimtodiscovermoreaboutwhichpartsofthegeneticstructureoftheplantareimportantfortheproductionofsugaranditsoverallhealth.Despitealltheresearch,however,westilldonotfullyunderstandhowthegenesfunctioninsugarcane.(50)Thisgeneisparticularlyexcitingbecauseitmakestheplantresistanttorust,adiseasewhichprobablyoriginatedinIndia,butisnowcapableofinfectingsugarcaneacrosstheworld.Scientistsbelievetheywilleventuallybeabletogrowaplantwhichcannotbedestroyedbyrust.A．Unfortunately,however,theplantstartedtobecomeweakerandmorepronetodisease.B．Sugarcanewasnowmuchvigorousandthesupplyofsugaristhereforemoreguaranteed.C．OnemajorgenehasbeenidentifiedbyDrAngeliqueD'HontandherteaminMontpelier,France.D．Themajorityoftheworld'ssugarnowcomesfromthisparticularcommercialspecies.E．Sincethe1960s,scientistshavebeenanalysingthemysteriesofthesugarcane'sgeneticcode.F．Eventually,acommercialplantwasdevelopedwhichwas5percentsweeterthanbefore,butalsomuchstrongerandlesslikelytodiefromdisease.ToadsareArthriticandinPainArthritisisanillnessthatcancausepainandswellinginyourbones.Toads,abigprobleminthenorthofAustralia,aresufferingfrompainfularthritisintheirlegsandbackbone,anewstudyhasshown.Thetoadsthatjumpthefastestaremorelikelytobelargerandtohavelongerlegs.46.Thelargeyellowtoads,nativetoSouthandCentralAmerica,wereintroducedintothenorth-easternAustralianstateofQueenslandin193Sinanattempttostopbeetlesandotherinsectsfromdestroyingsugarcanecrops.Nowupto200millionofthepoisonoustoadsexistinthecountry,andtheyarerapidlyspreadingthroughthestateofNorthernTerritoryatarateofupto60kmayear.Thetoadscannowbefoundacrossmorethanonemillionsquarekilometers.(47)AVenezuelanpoisonviruswastriedinthe1990sbuthadtobeabandonedafteritwasfoundtoalsokillnativefrogspecies.ThetoadshaveseverelyaffectedecosystemsinAustralia.Animals,andsometimespets,thateatthetoadsdieimmediatelyfromtheirpoison,andthetoadsthemselveseatanythingtheycanfitinsidetheirmouth.(48)Aco-authorofthenewstudy,RickShine,aprofessorattheUniversityofSydney,saysthatlittleattentionhasbeengiventotheproblemsthattoadsface.Rickandhiscolleaguesstudiednearly500toadsfromQueenslandandtheNorthernTerritoryandfoundthatthoseinthelatterstatewereverydifferent.Theywereactive,sprintingdownroadsandbreedingquickly.Accordingtotheresultsofthestudy,thefastesttoadstravelnearlyonekilometreanight.(49)Butspeedandstrengthcomeataprice—arthritisofthelegsandbackboneduetoconstantpressureplacedonthem.Inlaboratorytests,theresearchersfoundthatafterabout15minutesofhopping,arthritictoadswouldtravellessdistancewitheachhop.(50)Thesetoadsaresoprogrammedtomove,apparently,thatevenwheninpainthetoadstravelledasfastandasfarasthehealthyones,continuingtheirrelentlessmarchacrossthelandscape.A．Toadsarenotbuilttoberoadrunners—theyarebuilttositaroundpondsandwetarea.B．Thetasknowfacingthecountryishowtoremovethetoads.C．Furthermore,theysoontakeoverthenaturalhabitatsofAustralia’snativespecies.D．Toadswithlongerlegsmovefasterandtravellongerdistances,whiletheothersarebeingleftbehind.E．Butthisadvantagealsohasabigdrawback—upto10%ofthebiggesttoadssufferfromarthritis.F．Butarthritisdidn’tslowdowntoadsoutsidethelaboratory,theresearchersfound.完形填空（8分）2013年职称英语考试出题思路：从书中出一篇。2014年职称英语考试答题方法与技巧：（1）有些英语基础的同志，可按方法与技巧进行，即先看空白处的“左”和“右”，根据要求再进行选项。（2）基础特别薄弱的同志只好将15篇的空白处与对应选项提早都背下来，以确保15分全部拿到。19