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1、批判性思考者的一些特征批判性思考者非批判性思考者以诚待己,承认自己所不知道的事情,认识自己的局限性,能看到自己的缺点。Arehonestwiththemselves,acknowledgingwhattheydon’tknow,recognizingtheirlimitations,andbeingwatchfuloftheirownerrors.把问题和有争议的议题视为令人兴奋的挑战。Regardproblemsandcontroversialissuesasexcitingchallenges.尽力领会复杂性,对其保持好奇心和耐心,并准备花
2、时间去解决难题。Striveforunderstanding,keepcuriosityalive,remainpatientwithcomplexity,andarereadytoinvesttimetoovercomeconfusion.把判断建立在证据而不是个人喜好上,只要证据不充分就推迟判断。当新证据揭示出错误时,他们就修改判断。Basejudgmentsonevidenceratherthanpersonalpreferences,deferringjudgmentwheneverevidenceisinsufficient.They
3、revisejudgmentswhennewevidencerevealserror.对他人的思想感兴趣,因而愿意专心地阅读和倾听,即使他们往往不同意他人的观点。Areinterestedinotherpeople’sideasandsoarewillingtoreadandlistenattentively,evenwhentheytendtodisagreewiththeotherperson.认识到极端的观点(无论是保守的还是自由派的)很少正确,所以他们避免它们,践行公正性并且寻求平衡的观点。Recognizethatextremevie
4、ws(whetherconservativeorliberal)areseldomcorrect,sotheyavoidthem,practicefairmindedness,andseekabalancedview.践行克制,控制自己的感情而不是受感情所控制,三思而后行。Practicerestraint,controllingtheirfeelingsratherthanbeingcontrolledbythem,andthinkingbeforeacting.假装自己知道的比做的还多,无视自己的局限性,并假设自己的观点无差错。Preten
5、dtheyknowmorethantheydo,ignoretheirlimitations,andassumetheirviewsareerror-free.把问题和有争议的议题视为对自我的损害或威胁。Regardproblemsandcontroversialissuesasnuisancesorthreatstotheirego.对复杂性缺乏耐心,宁可困惑不解也不努力搞明白。Areimpatientwithcomplexityandthuswouldratherremainconfusedthanmaketheefforttounders
6、tand.把判断建立在第一印象和知觉反应上。他们不关心证据的数量和质量,并且顽固地坚持自己的观点。Basejudgmentsonfirstimpressionsandgutreactions.Theyareunconcernedabouttheamountorqualityofevidenceandclingtotheirviewssteadfastly.只关注自身和自己的观点,因而不愿关注他人的观点。一看到不同意见,他们往往会想“我怎么能够反驳它?”Arepreoccupiedwiththemselvesandtheirownopinions
7、andsoareunwillingtopayattentiontoothers’views.Atthefirstsignofdisagreement,theytendtothink,“HowcanIrefutethis?”忽视平衡的必要性,优先考虑支持他们既成观点的看法。Ignoretheneedforbalanceandgivepreferencetoviewsthatsupporttheirestablishedviews.容易遵从自己的感情和冲动地行动。Tendtofollowtheirfeelingsandactimpulsively.
8、第1章学会提出好问题批判性思维内容主要涵盖以下几个方面:(1)有一套相互关联、环环相扣的关键问题的意识;(2)恰如其分地提出和回答关键问题的能力;(3