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1、AnIntroductiontocognitiveLinguistics6.Blending&relevance4.Figure&ground5.Frames&constructions7.Iconicity&lexicalchange&grammaticalizationEdition2Keywords:figure/groundsegregation(Rubin)(图形-背景分离)theprincipleofPragnanz(普雷格郎茨原则)trajector,landmark,path(Langacher)(射体,界
2、标,路径)schemaimage(意象图式)elaboration(细化)4.Figure&groundTheface/vaseillusionShaped2.Moreprominent3.Morelikelytobeidentified&rememberedUnstructured2.Shapeless3.UniformFigureGroundTheprincipleofPragnanz“普雷格郎茨原则”ThePrincipleofPragnanzisaguidingwhichreflectsthewaythatpeop
3、lechoosesomethingasfigure.Anobjectismorelikelytobechosenasfigureifitisasmallormovedobject,orhasgestaltfeatures.Thelinguisticexpressionssuchasprepositionsthatcanbeexplainedintermsoffigureandground,thathascaughttheattentionofcognitivelinguists.eg:1.Theballoonisflyin
4、goverthehouse.2.Thebookisonthetable.3.Theboyclimbedupthewall.4.Shewentoutoftheroom.……※Trajector:Itstandsforthefigureormostprominentelementsinanyrelationalstructure.※Landmark:Itreferstotheotherentityinarelation.※Schemaimagesrepresentcognitiveconfigurationsconsistin
5、gofthreeelementsandtheirinterrelations,namely:atrajector,whichmovesalongapath,andisseenasbeingrelatedtoalandmark.Centralimageschemafor‘out’Elaborations:Elaborationsaresuchvariantswhichonlyspecifycertaincomponentsofaschema,butdonotdivergefromitsgeneralconfiguration
6、.P202Asimpleclausenormallyconsistsofthreekeyelements:asubject,averbelementandacomplement.Linguistically,thewaytomanifestprominenceistoputthepreferredelementsintosubjectposition.Inasimpletransitiveclause,thesubjectcorrespondstothefigure,theobjecttotheground,andthev
7、erbexpressestherelationshipbetweenfigureandground.5.Frames&constructionskeywords:frame(Fillmore,Talmy,Slobin)(框架)scripttheory(R.Schank&R.P.Abelson)(图样理论)construction(A.E.Goldberg)(构式)frameItistobeseenasatypeofcognitivemodelwhichrepresentstheknowledgeandbeliefspert
8、ainingtospecificandfrequentlyrecurringsituations.Forexample,theactioncategoryBUYincludesareferencetoatleastfourothercategories,namelytoaBUYER,aSELLER,GO