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1、—ED分词—ED分词即过去分词,具有形容词的句法功能,在句中主要作定语和状语,有时也作表语、补语和独立成分等。(一)表语过去分词做表语,表示主语所处的状态。作表语的过去分词已几乎形容词化,可以被副词修饰,有比较形式。这类过去分词常见的有:accustomed,amazed,amused,astonished,bored,broken,closed,decided,dedicated,delighted,devoted,disappointed,discourage,distinguished,educated,embarrassed
2、,excited,exhausted,fascinated,frightened,interested,known,limited,pleased,puzzled,satisfied,shocked,surprised,terrified,tired,upset,worried等E.g.Thefileisrusted.Sheisdeeplyreadintheclassics.Einstein’stheoryofrelativityisknownallovertheworld.Hefeltthoroughlydisappointed.
3、注意:过去分词作表语时,系动词除be外,还有appear,become,come,get,go,grow,keep,remain,seem等E.g.Thedoorremainedlocked.Thebatterybecameexhaustedafterlonguse.过去分词作表语时,相当于形容词,表示性质或状态;被动语态中的过去分词是谓语的组成部分,表示具体的动作Weareallpleased.Weareallpleasedbytheworkdone.Theglassplateisbroken.Theglasswasbrokenb
4、yhim.(二)定语及物动词的过去分词作定语时,表示它所修饰的名词是分词行为的承受者,表示被动的行为,通常带有被动和完成意义frozenfoodafinishedarticleamovedobjectboiledwaterpublishedwritings不及物动词的过去分词作定语时不表示被动意义,只表示完成意义,如:aretiredworker=aworkerwhohasretiredanescapedprisoner=aprisonerwhohasescapedafadedflower=aflowerthathasfaded单个
5、过去分词做定语,一般放在它所修饰的名词之前;但有时也可放在它所修饰的名词之后,这时强调分词的动作。如:thetimegiventhedepartmentconcernedHydrogenisthelightestsubstanceknown.由名词、副词或形容词和过去分词构成的复合形容词,放在它所修饰的名词之前。如:state-ownedenterprisesawell-knownwriteraman-madesatellite过去分词短语作定语时,放在其所修饰的名词之后,作用相当于定语从句。如:Cottonandsilkblous
6、es(whichare)madeinChinasellwellintheEuropeanmarket.Toliveintheheartsofthose(whichare)leftbehindisnottodie.(T.Compbell)(三)补语宾语补语主语补语宾语补语在某些表示感觉或心理状态、思维活动和某些表示使役的动词的宾语常可用分词作宾语补语,使意思完整。宾语与补语之间是逻辑上的主谓关系或主系或主系表关系。这类表示感觉、思维活动的动词常见的有:catch,consider,describe,discover,feel,find
7、,hear,listento,lookat,notice,observe,perceive,regard,see,show,smell,speakof,take,treat,understand,watch等。使役动词有:get,have,keep,leave,send,set,start等。如:Youmustmakeyourselfrespected.Wemustgetourproductsexamined.【注】:在动词have或get后面用分词作宾语补语,即“have/getsth.+分词”结构表示:(1)动作是由别人完成的I
8、gotmywatchrepaired.(2)意外或不幸的遭遇Thehousehadtheirroofsrippedoffbythegale.(3)won’thave表示句子中主语不允许某种情况发生Iwon’thavemyfriendl