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1、TheVictorianAge—EnglishCriticalRealism1.Backgrounds2.CharlesDickens(1812-1870)3.WilliamThackeray(1811-1863)4.TheBrontesisters5.AlfredTennyson(1809-1892)6.TheBrownings7.ThomasHardy(1840-1928)Historicalbackground:TheReformBillof1832markedthepassingofthep
2、oliticalpowerfromthedecayingaristocratstotheindustrialcapitalists.TheChartistMovement(宪章运动)oftheworkingclassdemandedrightsofvotingandbeingvoted,ofshorterhoursofworkandofbetterworkingandlivingconditions.AsaresultofIndustrialRevolution,Englandbecamethe“w
3、orkshopoftheworld”.Thereappearedgreatdifferenceandsharpcontrastbetweentherichandthepoor.Therewasarapiddevelopmentofscienceandtechnology,withnewinventionsanddiscoveriesinastronomy,biologyandanthropology,etc.Womencametoseetheirownproblems,risingtofightfo
4、rtheirrightsofvotingandbeingvoted,ofequalityandfreedom,andofeducationandemploymentopportunities.维多利亚女王Culturalbackground:Darwin’sevolutionarytheory,CarlMarx’shistoricalview,andotherkindsofnewphilosophicalideasgreatlyshookpeople’sreligiousbeliefandprodu
5、cedwidespreaddoubtsandanxietiesamongthepeople.Utilitarianism(功利主义),baseduponthephilosophicaltheoriesexpoundedbyJohmStuartMill,andHerbertSpencer’spositivism(实证主义),begantoprevailthroughouttheentiresocialsystem.Underthepretextof“thesurvivalofthefittest”(适
6、者生存)and“thegreatesthappinessofthegreatestnumber”,utilitarianismbecamethecapitalists’excuseoftheirbrutalityandinhumanityintheeconomicexploitationoftheworkingmass.Dickens,Hardy,GeorgeEliotandmanyothersocialconsciouswritersseverelycriticizedtheutilitarian
7、creed,especiallyitsdepreciationofculturevaluesanditscoldindifferencetowardshumanfeelingsandimagination.Victorianliterature:Novelbecamethemostwidelyreadandthemostvitalandchallengingexpressionofprogressivethought.WriterslikeCharlesDickens,WilliamThackera
8、y,GeorgeEliot,ThomasHardyshowedtheirprimaryconcernisaboutthepeopleinthesocietywithsympathyforthepoorandtheunfortunateandbecamethemajorvoiceoftheliteraryworldbypresentingafaithfulpictureofthehorriblecapitalistEngland.ThebigoutputbytheVic
