平狄克 微观经济学 英文 第7版 课件 .ppt

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1、CHAPTER8OUTLINE8.1PerfectlyCompetitiveMarkets8.2ProfitMaximization8.3MarginalRevenue,MarginalCost,andProfitMaximization8.4ChoosingOutputintheShortRun8.5TheCompetitiveFirm’sShort-RunSupplyCurve8.6TheShort-RunMarketSupplyCurve8.7ChoosingOutputintheLongRun8.8TheIndustry’sLong-RunSupplyCurve

2、PERFECTLYCOMPETITIVEMARKETS8.1Themodelofperfectcompetitionrestsonthreebasicassumptions:(1)pricetaking,(2)producthomogeneity,and(3)freeentryandexit.PriceTakingBecauseeachindividualfirmsellsasufficientlysmallproportionoftotalmarketoutput,itsdecisionshavenoimpactonmarketprice.●pricetakerFir

3、mthathasnoinfluenceovermarketpriceandthustakesthepriceasgiven.ProductHomogeneityWhentheproductsofallofthefirmsinamarketareperfectlysubstitutablewithoneanother—thatis,whentheyarehomogeneous—nofirmcanraisethepriceofitsproductabovethepriceofotherfirmswithoutlosingmostorallofitsbusiness.PERF

4、ECTLYCOMPETITIVEMARKETS8.1FreeEntryandExit●freeentry(orexit)Conditionunderwhichtherearenospecialcoststhatmakeitdifficultforafirmtoenter(orexit)anindustry.WhenIsaMarketHighlyCompetitive?Becausefirmscanimplicitlyorexplicitlycolludeinsettingprices,thepresenceofmanyfirmsisnotsufficientforani

5、ndustrytoapproximateperfectcompetition.Conversely,thepresenceofonlyafewfirmsinamarketdoesnotruleoutcompetitivebehavior.PROFITMAXIMIZATION8.2DoFirmsMaximizeProfit?Theassumptionofprofitmaximizationisfrequentlyusedinmicroeconomicsbecauseitpredictsbusinessbehaviorreasonablyaccuratelyandavoid

6、sunnecessaryanalyticalcomplications.Forsmallerfirmsmanagedbytheirowners,profitislikelytodominatealmostalldecisions.Inlargerfirms,however,managerswhomakeday-to-daydecisionsusuallyhavelittlecontactwiththeowners(i.e.thestockholders).Inanycase,firmsthatdonotcomeclosetomaximizingprofitarenotl

7、ikelytosurvive.Firmsthatdosurviveincompetitiveindustriesmakelong-runprofitmaximizationoneoftheirhighestpriorities.AlternativeFormsofOrganization●cooperativeAssociationofbusinessesorpeoplejointlyownedandoperatedbymembersformutualbenefit.PROFITMAXIMIZATION8.2Nationwide,cond