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1、5THEINTERNETAbstractWhatistheInternet?Wherediditcomefrom,andhowdiditsupportthegrowthoftheWorldWideWeb?WhataretheInternet’smostimportantoperatingprinciples?TheInternetisaninterconnectednetworkofthousandsofnetworksandmillionsofcomputers(sometimescalledhostcomputersorjusthosts)linkingb
2、usinesses,educationalinstitutions,governmentagencies,andindividualstogether.TheInternetprovidesaround400millionpeoplearoundtheworld(andover170millionpeopleintheUnitedStates)withservicessuchase-mail,newsgroups,shopping,research,instantmessaging,music,videos,andnews.Nooneorganizationc
3、ontrolstheInternetorhowitfunctions,norisitownedbyanybody,yetithasprovidedtheinfrastructureforatransformationincommerce,scientificresearch,andculture.Wordkey:InternetoperatingprinciplesTEXTThewordInternetisderivedfromthewordinternetworkortheconnectingtogetheroftwoormorecomputernetwo
4、rks.TheWorldWideWeb,orWebforshort,isoneoftheInternet’smostpopular15services,providingaccesstooveronebillionWebpages,whicharedocumentscreatedinaprogramminglanguagecalledHTMLandwhichcancontaintext,graphics,audio,video,andotherobjects,aswellas“hyperlinks”thatpermitausertojumpeasilyfrom
5、onepagetoanother.InternetI—today’sInternet—hasevolvedoverthelastfortyyears.Inthissense,theInternetisnot“new”;itdidnothappenyesterday.Althoughjournalistsandpunditstalkgliblyabout“Internet”time—suggestingafast-paced,nearlyinstant,worldwideglobalchangemechanism,infact,ithastakenfortyye
6、arsofhardworktoarriveattoday’sInternet.ThehistoryoftheInternetcanbesegmentedintothreephases.Inthefirstphase,theInnovationPhase,from1961to1974,thefundamentalbuildingblocksoftheInternetwereconceptualizedandthenrealizedinactualhardwareandsoftware.Thebasicbuildingblocksare:packet-switch
7、inghardware,client/servercomputing,andacommunicationsprotocolcalledTCP/IP(alldescribedmorefullybelow).TheoriginalpurposeoftheInternet,whenitwasconceivedinthelate1960s,wastolinktogetherlargemainframecomputersoncollegecampuses.Thiskindofone-to-onecommunicationbetweencampuseswaspreviou
8、slyonlypossiblethro