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1、7THEINTERNETAbstractWhatistheInternet?Wherediditcomefrom,andhowdiditsupportthegrowthoftheWorldWideWeb?WhataretheInternet’smostimportantoperatingprinciples?TheInternetisaninterconnectednetworkofthousandsofnetworksandmillionsofcomputers(sometimescalledhostcomputersorjusthosts)linkingbusinesses
2、,educationalinstitutions,governmentagencies,andindividualstogether.TheInternetprovidesaround400millionpeoplearoundtheworld(andover170millionpeopleintheUnitedStates)withservicessuchase-mail,newsgroups,shopping,research,instantmessaging,music,videos,andnews.NooneorganizationcontrolstheInternet
3、orhowitfunctions,norisitownedbyanybody,yetithasprovidedtheinfrastructureforatransformationincommerce,scientificresearch,andculture.Wordkey:InternetoperatingprinciplesTEXTThewordInternetisderivedfromthewordinternetworkortheconnectingtogetheroftwoormorecomputernetworks.TheWorldWideWeb,orWebfo
4、rshort,isoneoftheInternet’smostpopular17services,providingaccesstooveronebillionWebpages,whicharedocumentscreatedinaprogramminglanguagecalledHTMLandwhichcancontaintext,graphics,audio,video,andotherobjects,aswellas“hyperlinks”thatpermitausertojumpeasilyfromonepagetoanother.InternetI—today’sIn
5、ternet—hasevolvedoverthelastfortyyears.Inthissense,theInternetisnot“new”;itdidnothappenyesterday.Althoughjournalistsandpunditstalkgliblyabout“Internet”time—suggestingafast-paced,nearlyinstant,worldwideglobalchangemechanism,infact,ithastakenfortyyearsofhardworktoarriveattoday’sInternet.Thehis
6、toryoftheInternetcanbesegmentedintothreephases.Inthefirstphase,theInnovationPhase,from1961to1974,thefundamentalbuildingblocksoftheInternetwereconceptualizedandthenrealizedinactualhardwareandsoftware.Thebasicbuildingblocksare:packet-switchinghardware,client/servercomputing,andacommunicationsp
7、rotocolcalledTCP/IP(alldescribedmorefullybelow).TheoriginalpurposeoftheInternet,whenitwasconceivedinthelate1960s,wastolinktogetherlargemainframecomputersoncollegecampuses.Thiskindofone-to-onecommunicationbetweencampuseswaspreviouslyonlypossiblethro
