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1、5THEINTERNETAbstractWhatistheInternet?Wherediditcomefrom,andhowdiditsupportthegrowthoftheWorldWideWeb?WhataretheInternet’smostimportantoperatingprinciples?TheInternetisaninterconnectednetworkofthousandsofnetworksandmillionsofcomputers(sometimescalledhostcomputersorjusthost
2、s)linkingbusinesses,educationalinstitutions,governmentagencies,andindividualstogether.TheInternetprovidesaround400millionpeoplearoundtheworld(andover170millionpeopleintheUnitedStates)withservicessuchase-mail,newsgroups,shopping,research,instantmessaging,music,videos,andnew
3、s.NooneorganizationcontrolstheInternetorhowitfunctions,norisitownedbyanybody,yetithasprovidedtheinfrastructureforatransformationincommerce,scientificresearch,andculture.Wordkey:InternetoperatingprinciplesTEXTThewordInternetisderivedfromthewordinternetworkortheconnectingto
4、getheroftwoormorecomputernetworks.TheWorldWideWeb,orWebforshort,isoneoftheInternet’smostpopular15services,providingaccesstooveronebillionWebpages,whicharedocumentscreatedinaprogramminglanguagecalledHTMLandwhichcancontaintext,graphics,audio,video,andotherobjects,aswellas“hy
5、perlinks”thatpermitausertojumpeasilyfromonepagetoanother.InternetI—today’sInternet—hasevolvedoverthelastfortyyears.Inthissense,theInternetisnot“new”;itdidnothappenyesterday.Althoughjournalistsandpunditstalkgliblyabout“Internet”time—suggestingafast-paced,nearlyinstant,world
6、wideglobalchangemechanism,infact,ithastakenfortyyearsofhardworktoarriveattoday’sInternet.ThehistoryoftheInternetcanbesegmentedintothreephases.Inthefirstphase,theInnovationPhase,from1961to1974,thefundamentalbuildingblocksoftheInternetwereconceptualizedandthenrealizedinactua
7、lhardwareandsoftware.Thebasicbuildingblocksare:packet-switchinghardware,client/servercomputing,andacommunicationsprotocolcalledTCP/IP(alldescribedmorefullybelow).TheoriginalpurposeoftheInternet,whenitwasconceivedinthelate1960s,wastolinktogetherlargemainframecomputersoncoll
8、egecampuses.Thiskindofone-to-onecommunicationbetweencampuseswaspreviouslyonlypossiblethro
