曼昆经济学定义.doc

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1、Chapter1Scarcity(缺乏):thelimitednatureofsociety’sresources.Economics:thestudyofhowsocietymanagesitsscarceresources.Efficiency:thepropertyofsocietygettingthemostitcanfromitsscareresources.Equality:thepropertyofdistributingeconomicprosperityfairlyamongthemembersofsoc

2、iety.Opportunitycost(机会成本):whatevermustbegivenuptoobtainsomeitem.Rationalpeople:peoplewhosystematicallyandpurposefullydothebesttheycantoachievetheirobjectives.Marginalchanges(边际变量)：smallincremental(增加的)adjustmentstoaplanofaction.Incentive:somethingthatinducesapers

3、ontoact.Marketeconomy(市场经济):aneconomythatallocatesresourcesthroughthedecentralizeddecisionsofmanyfirmsandhouseholdsastheyinteractinmarketsforgoodsandservices.Propertyrights(产权):theabilityofanindividualtoownandexercisecontroloverscarceresources.Marketfailure(市场失灵)：

4、asituationinwhichamarketleftonitsownfailstoallocateresourcesefficiently.Externality(外部性):theimpactofoneperson’sactionsonthewell-beingofabystander.Marketpower(市场势力):theabilityofasingleeconomicactor(orasmallgroupofactors)tohaveasubstantialinfluenceonmarketprices.如：垄

5、断monopolyProductivity:thequantityofgoodsandservicesproducedfromeachhourofaworker’stime.Inflation:anincreaseintheoveralllevelofpricesintheeconomy.Businesscycle:fluctuations(起伏)ineconomicactivity,suchasemploymentandproduction.Chapter2Circular-flowdiagram(循环流动图):avis

6、ualmodeloftheeconomythatshowshowdollarsflowthroughmarketsamonghouseholdsandfirms.Productionpossibilitiesfrontier(生产能力边界线)：agraphthatshowsthecombinationofoutputthattheeconomycanpossiblyproducegiventheavailablefactorsofproductionandtheavailableproductiontechnology.产

7、出的组合，经济可能产生的可用因素的生产和现有的生产技术.Positivestatements(实证表述)：claimsthatattempttodescribetheworldasitis.Normativestatements(规范表述)：claimsthatattempttoprescribehowtheworldshouldbe.Import：goodsproducedabroadandsolddomestically.Export：goodsproduceddomesticallyandsoldabroad.Cha

8、pter3Absoluteadvantage(绝对优势):theabilitytoproduceagoodusingfewerinputsthananotherproducer.（比较的是生产量）Comparativeadvantage(比较优势)：theabilitytoproduceagoodata