曼昆宏观经济学英文定义.doc

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1、Howpeoplemakedecisions:1・peoplefacetradeoffsHowpeopleinteract:2.Thecostofsomethingiswhatyougiveuptogetit3.Rationalpeoplethinkatthemargin4.Peoplerespondtoincentives5.tradecanmakeeveryonebetteroff6.Marketsareusuallyagoodwaytoorganizeeconomicactivity7.Governmentcans

2、ometimesimprovemarketoutcomesHowtheeconomyasAwholeworks:8.Acountry'sstandardoflivingdependsonitsabilitytoproducegoodsandservices9.Pricesrisewhenthegovernmentprintstoomuchmoney10.Societyfacesashort-runtradeoffbetweeninflationandunemploymentKeyconcepts：Ability-to-p

3、ayprinciple（税收白勺）能力支付原则:TheideathattaxesshouldbeleviedonapersonaccordingtohowwellthatpersoncanshouldertheburdenAbsoluteadvantage绝对优势：ThecomparisonamongproducersofagoodaccordingtotheirproductivityAccountingprofit会计禾润：TotalrevenueminustotalexplicitcostAdverseselect

4、ion逆向选择:ThetendencyforthemixofunobservedattributestobecomeundesirablefromthestandpointofanuninformedpartyAgent代士里人:Apersonwhoisperforminganactforanotherperson,calledtheprincipalAggregate-demandcurve:acurvethatshowsthequantityofgoodsandservicesthathouseholds,firms

5、,andthegovernmentwanttobuyateachpricelevelAggregaterisk:riskthataffectsalleconomicactorsatonceAggregate-supplycurve:acurvethatshowsthequantityofgoodsandservicesthatfirmschoosetoproduceandsellateachpricelevelAppreciation:anincreaseinthevalueofacurrencyasmeasuredby

6、theamountofforeigncurrencyitcanbuyArrow'simpossibilitytheorem阿罗不町能定理：Amathematicalresultshowingthat,undercertainassumedconditions,thereisnoschemeforaggregatingindividualpreferencesintoavalidsetofsocialpreferencesAveragefixedcost平均I古I定成木：Fixedcostsdividedbythequan

7、tityofoutputAveragerevenue平均收TotalrevenuedividedbythequantitysoldAveragetaxrate、卜均税率:TotaltaxespaiddividedbytotalincomeAveragetotalcost平均总成本:TotalcostdividedbythequantityofoutputAveragevariablecost平」勺川变成本：VariablecostsdividedbythequantityofoutputAutomaticstabiliz

8、ers:changesinfiscalpolicythatstimulateaggregatedemandwhentheeconomygoesintoarecessionwithoutpolicymakershavingtotakeanydeliberateactionBalancetrade:asituationi