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1、HowtoReadaScientificResearchPaper--afour-stepguideforstudentsandforfacultyAnnMcNeal,SchoolofNaturalScience,HampshireCollege,AmherstMA01002Readingresearchpapers("primaryarticles")ispartlyamatterofexperienceandskill,andpartlylearningthespecificvocabularyofafield.Firstofall,DO
2、N'TPANIC!Ifyouapproachitstepbystep,evenanimpossible-lookingpapercanbeunderstood.1.Skimming.Skimthepaperquickly,notingbasicslikeheadings,figuresandthelike.Thistakesjustafewminutes.You'renottryingtounderstandityet,butjusttogetanoverview.2.Vocabulary.Gothroughthepaperwordbywor
3、dandlinebyline,underliningorhighlightingeverywordandphraseyoudon'tunderstand.Don'tworryiftherearealotofunderlinings;you'restillnottryingtomakesenseofthearticle.Nowyouhaveseveralthingsyoumightdowiththesevocabularyandconceptquestions,dependinguponthekindofquestioneachis.Youca
4、na.Lookupsimplewordsandphrases.Oftenthequestionissimplyvocabulary--what'salateralmalleolus,orachrista,orthesemilunarvalve.Amedicalorbiologicaldictionaryisagoodplacetolookfordefinitions.Atextbookofphysiologyoranatomymaybeagoodsource,becauseitgivemorecompleteexplanations.Your
5、ordinaryshelfdictionaryisnotagoodsource,becausethedefinitionsmaynotbepreciseenoughormaynotreflectthewayinwhichscientistsuseaword(forexample"efficiency"hasacommondefinition,butthephysicaldefinitionismuchmorerestricted.)b.Getanunderstandingfromthecontextinwhichitisused.Oftenw
6、ordsthatareusedtodescribetheproceduresusedinanexperimentcanbeunderstoodfromthecontext,andmaybeveryspecifictothepaperyouarereading.Examplesarethe"lithium-freecontrolgroup"inaratexperimentorthe"caroteneextractionprocedure"inabiochemicalexperiment.Ofcourse,youshouldbecarefulwh
7、endecidingthatyouunderstandawordfromitscontext,becauseitmightnotmeanwhatyouthink.c.Flagthisphraseasbelongingtooneofthemajorconceptsofthepaper--it'sbiggerthanavocabularyquestion.Forexample,apaperaboutdietandcancermightreferto"riskreduction,"whichyouwouldneedtounderstandincon
8、textandinsomedepth.3.Comprehension,sectionbysection.Trytodealwithallthewordsandphr
