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1、酰胺脱水制备腈2016-07-14有机合成有机合成有机合成微信号Organicsyntheses功能介绍专门介绍分享有机合成方面的知识,学习资料,经验总结,奇闻趣事等等酰胺可在P2O5、POCl3、SOCl2、PCl5等脱水剂存在下进行脱水反应生成腈,此为实验室合成腈的方法之一。将酰胺与P2O5的混合物加热,反应毕将生成的腈蒸出可得到良好的收率。SOCl2最适宜于处理高级的酰胺,这是由于副产物均为气体,易于除去,因而减少精制腈的困难。同时,以上这些脱水试剂多在酸性条件下反应,对于酸敏感的底物是不实用的,因此人们也开发了许多更加温和的方法用于酰胺的脱水,如:Burgess
2、reagent[Et3N+SO2N-COOMe],三氟醋酸酐(TFAA)-三乙胺,(COCl)2-NEt3-DMSO等条件可以在低温和几乎中性的条件下反应。还有甲烷磺酰氯(CH3SO2Cl),四氯化钛(TiCl4)等等。反应实例1.用P2O5为脱水剂的反应实例Asolutionof35g(0.16mol)of2-(2-ethyl-3-benzofuranyl)-propionamidein500mloftoluenewasrefuxedfor18hoursinthepresenceofP2O5. Theorganicphasewasdecantedoffandther
3、esiduewascarefullydecomposedwithice-waterandextractedwithether. Theorganicphasewaswashedwithwater,driedoversodiumsulphateandaddedtothetoluenicphase. Thesolventwas evaporatedoffunderreducedpressureandtheresiduewasfractionatedtogive23.8gof2-(2-ethyl-3-benzofuranyl)-propionitrile (yield74
4、.4%,boilingpoint:105.deg.C.at0.2mmHg).Reference: US4124710 A1 (1978/11/07)2.用POCl3为脱水剂的反应实例Amixtureof2-chloro-1,3,4-thiadiazole-5-carboxamide(1.4g)in17ml ofPOCl3isheatedatrefluxfor18hours. Thereactionmixtureisconcentratedandtheresidueissuspendedin25ml ofethylacetate. Thesuspensioniscoo
5、ledinanicebathandneutralizedwithsaturated,aqueousNaHCO3(topH7). Thephasesareseparatedandtheaqueousphaseisextractedwith20ml ofethylacetate. ThecombinedorganicphasesaredriedoverMgSO4,filteredandconcentrated. Theresidueispurifiedbycolumnchromatography(using30 percentethylacetate / hexaneas
6、eluent)toafford0.832gof2-cyano-5-chloro-1,3,4-thiadiazole.MP:65-67. deg.CReference:Patent;EP883611 B1 (2002/07/31) 3.用SOCl2为脱水剂的反应实例Asolutionofthionylchloride(7.70g,0.065mol)indryDMF (10ml)wasaddeddropwisetoastirredsolutionofcompound 13(4.20g,0.013mol)indryDMF(25ml)atroomtemperature. Th
7、estirredmixturewasheatedat120Cfor3handpoured intoice–water.Theproductwasextractedintoether(twice)and thecombinedetherealextractswerewashedwithwater,saturated sodiumhydrogencarbonatesolution,water,anddried (MgSO4). Thesolventwasremovedinvacuoandtheresidue waspurifiedbycolu
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