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1、Unit10AutomationAutomationistheuseofcontrolsystems(suchasnumericalcontrol,programmablelogiccontrol,andotherindustrialcontrolsystems),inconcertwithotherapplicationsofinformationtechnology［suchascomputeraidedtechnologies(CAD,CAM,etc.)］,tocontrolindustrialmachine
2、ryandprocesses,reducingtheneedforhumanintervention.Inthescopeofindustrialization,automationisastepbeyondmechanization.Whereasmechanizationprovidedhumanoperatorswithmachinerytoassistthemwiththemuscularrequirementsofwork,automationgreatlyreducestheneedforhumanse
3、nsoryandmentalrequirementsaswell.Processesandsystemscanalsobeautomated.下一页返回Unit10AutomationAutomationplaysanincreasinglyimportantroleintheworldeconomyandindailyexperience.Engineersstrivetocombineautomateddeviceswithmathematicalandorganizationaltoolstocreatec
4、omplexsystemsforarapidlyexpandingrangeofapplicationsandhumanactivities.Themainadvantagesofautomationare:Replacinghumanoperatorsintedioustasks.Replacinghumansintasksthatshouldbedoneindangerousenvironments(i.e.fire,space,volcanoes,nuclearfacilities,underwater
5、,etc.)下一页上一页返回Unit10AutomationDoingtasksthatarebeyondthehumancapabilitiessuchashandlingtooheavyloads,toolargeobjects,toohotortoocoldsubstancesortaskswiththerequirementtomakethingstoofastortooslow.Economyimprovement.Sometimessomekindsofautomationimprovesineco
6、nomyofenterprises,societyormostofhumankind.Forexample,whenanenterprisethathasinvestedinautomationtechnologyrecoversitsinvestment;whenastateorcountryincreasesitsincomeduetoautomationlikeGermanyorJapaninthe20thcenturyorwhenthehumankindcanusetheInternetwhichintur
7、nusessatellitesandotherautomatedengines.下一页上一页返回Unit10AutomationThemaindisadvantagesofautomationare:Technologylimits.Currenttechnologyisunabletoautomateallthedesiredtasks.Unpredictabledevelopmentcosts.Theresearchanddevelopmentcostofautomatingaprocessisdiffi
8、culttopredictaccuratelybeforehand.Sincethiscostcanhavealargeimpactonprofitability,it’spossibletofinishautomatingaprocessonlytodiscoverthatthere’snoeconomicadvantageindoingso.下一页上一
