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1、StevenSpielbergArguablythemostimportantfiguretoemergefromthecreativefermentofHollywoodcinemainthe1970s,StevenSpielberghaschangedthewaymoviesaremadeandaboutwhattheyaremade.HeisperhapstheWesternworld'smostfamouslivingfilmmaker;threemovieshedirected("E.T.theExtra-Terrestria
2、l"1981;"JurassicPark"1993;"Jaws"1975)areamongthetoptenhighestgrossingfilmsofalltime.Hisformerproductioncompany,AmblinEntertainment,wasalsoresponsibleforsuchhitsas"Gremlins"(1984),"BacktotheFuture"(1985)and"WhoFramedRogerRabbit"(1988).Spielberghassucceededincombiningthein
3、timacyofapersonalvisionwiththeepicrequirementsofthemoderncommercialblockbuster,buthisastonishingsuccessinvalidatedhisacceptanceasanartistformanyyears.Marketplaceissuesaside,Spielbergcertainlytravelsinaugustcreativecompany:likeOrsonWelles,hehasbeencelebratedandpenalizedfo
4、rprecocity;likeAlfredHitchcock,hehasbeenalternatelypraisedanddamnedasamasterofemotionalmanipulation;andlikeFrankCapra,hehasbeencriticizedforshamelesssentimentality.Spielberg'smostimportantspiritualpredecessor,however,isWaltDisney,anothercreativeindividualwhomadehimselfin
5、toabrandnamewhileattendingtotheseriousbusinessofmaking"frivolous"entertainments.SeveralSpielbergfilmshavebecomelandmarksinthedevelopmentofspecialeffects,bothintheirvisualandauralaspects.Thisfilmmaker,however,isnotechnocratnordoeshedisplayaseriousintellectualinterestinsci
6、encefiction.Spielbergutilizeselementsofsci-fiandfantasybuttendstoeschewheavyideasinfavorofsublimefeelings,suchaschildlikeaweandtrust.Indeed,hisworkhasdecisivelyinfluencedtheemphasisinlate20thCenturysci-fifilmmakingonthesensibilityofyouthandtheysucceedinspiteofblatantsent
7、imentalitythroughthedirector'smasterfuluseofemotionallypotentvisualimagery.Ifnothingelse,Spielbergpossessesanuncannyknackforelicitingandmanipulatingaudienceresponse.Unlikemanyofhiscontemporaries,Spielbergdidnotattendamajoruniversityfilmprogram.Largelyself-taught,atage16,
8、hefashionedhisfirstfilm"Firelight",atwo-hoursciencefictionmovie,thatalocalmoviehouseinPhoenix,AZ,consen
