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1、HowtoReadaScientificPaperThemainpurposeofascientificpaperistoreportnewresults,usuallyexperimental,andtorelatetheseresultstopreviousknowledgeinthefield.Papersareoneofthemostimportantwaysthatwecommunicatewithoneanother.Inunderstandinghowtoreadapaper,weneedtostartatthebeginning
2、withafewpreliminaries.Wethenaddressthemainquestionsthatwillenableyoutounderstandandevaluatethepaper.1. Howarepapersorganized?2. HowdoIpreparetoreadapaper,particularlyinanareanotsofamiliartome?3. WhatdifficultiescanIexpect?4. HowdoIunderstandandevaluate thecontentsofthepaper?
3、1.OrganizationofapaperInmostscientificjournals,scientificpapersfollowastandardformat.Theyaredividedintoseveralsections,andeachsectionservesaspecificpurposeinthepaper.Wefirstdescribethestandardformat,thensomevariationsonthatformat.Apaperbeginswithashort Summary or Abstract.Ge
4、nerally,itgivesabriefbackgroundtothetopic;describesconciselythemajorfindingsofthepaper;andrelatesthesefindingstothefieldofstudy.Aswillbeseen,thislogicalorderisalsothatofthepaperasawhole.Thenextsectionofthepaperisthe Introduction.Inmanyjournalsthissectionisnotgivenatitle.Asit
5、snameimplies,thissectionpresentsthebackgroundknowledgenecessaryforthereadertounderstandwhythefindingsofthepaperareanadvanceontheknowledgeinthefield.Typically,theIntroductiondescribesfirsttheacceptedstateofknowledgeinaspecializedfield;thenitfocusesmorespecificallyonaparticula
6、raspect,usuallydescribingafindingorsetoffindingsthatleddirectlytotheworkdescribedinthepaper.Iftheauthorsaretestingahypothesis,thesourceofthathypothesisisspelledout,findingsaregivenwithwhichitisconsistent,andoneormorepredictionsaregiven.Inmanypapers,oneorseveralmajorconclusio
7、nsofthepaperarepresentedattheendofthissection,sothatthereaderknowsthemajoranswerstothequestionsjustposed.Papersmoredescriptiveorcomparativeinnaturemaybeginwithanintroductiontoanareawhichintereststheauthors,ortheneedforabroaderdatabase.Thenextsectionofmostpapersisthe Material
8、sandMethods.Insomejournalsthissectionisthelastone.Itspurposeistodescribethe
