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1、DefinitionofEcology1866ErnstHaeckel:thecomprehensivescienceoftherelationshipoftheorganismtotheenvironment1927CharlesElton:Scientificnaturalhistory1963E.P.Odum:Thestudyofthestructureandfunctionofnature1972C.J.Krebs:Thescientificstudyoftheinteractionsthatdeterminethedistributionandabund
2、anceoforganismsEcologicalspectrumBiosphere,Landscape,Ecosystem,Community,Population,Organism,Organsystem,Organ,Tissue,Cell,Subcellularorganelles,MoleculesBranchesofEcologyChemical,Molecular,Physiological,Behavioral,Population,Community,Ecosystem,Landscape,Evolutionary,Theoretical,Cons
3、ervationandmanagement,BiodiversityJournals:BehavioralEcology,BiologicalConservation,ChemicalEcology,ConservationBiology,ConservationEcology,EcologicalApplication,EcologicalModeling,EcologicalMonograph,Ecologist,Ecology,EnvironmentalManagement,EvolutionaryEcology,FunctionalEcology,Jour
4、nalofAnimalEcology,JournalofAppliedEcology,JournalofWildlifeManagement,LandscapeEcology,MolecularEcology,Oecologia,Oikos,TrendsinEvolutionandEcology,etc.MethodsofstudyingecologyTounderstand,describe,explain,predictandcontrolScaleLabexperiment,fieldexperiment,naturaltrajectoryexperimen
5、t,naturalsnapshotexperiment,mathematicalmodelEcologyofforestbirds5warblersp.ofsimilarecologicalrequirementFeedingzonesInthepresenceorabsenceofotherspeciesCompetitionandpartitioningEnergybudgetofbumblebeeHowtokeepwarmincoldenvironment?Energygainforfeeding–energylossfromflying,feedingan
6、dkeepingwarmLabandfieldstudiesNumberandkindsofflowervisited,sugarcontentofflowerEnergylossatdifferenttemperatureBrowntroutv.s.NativeGalaxiasFish→Mayflynymph→algaeActivitypattern(labandfieldexp.)Habitatpreference(naturalexp.)Communityeffect(fieldexp.)Trophiccascade–effectsflowingdownfr
7、omonetrophicleveltothenextandthenextEnergyflowPrimaryproduction:trout>>GalaxSecondaryproduction:trout>>GalaxSuccessionofoldfieldsNaturaltrajectoryvs.naturalsnapshotCorrelationvs.mechanismwithinfieldcomparisonindicatedintroducedsp.↑andprairiesp.↓asN↑Fieldexperimentsp.compositionandNsup
8、plyNu
